OPINTOJAKSOJEN KUVAUKSET 2010-2011 OPINTO-OPPAASEEN

Punaisella = vastuuopettajien on itse päivitettävä tiedot
Vihreällä = opintojaksot yhdistyvät, vastuuopettajien on laadittava kuvaus uudelle opintojaksolle
Sinisellä = amanuenssi päivittää
Musta = tekstiin ei ole tulossa muutoksia. Vastuuopettajat voivat tarvittaessa muokata myös näitä kohtia, jos korjaamisen tarvetta on. Merkitkää nämä kohdat selkeästi, jos on tullut muutoksia.
MUISTAKAA TARKISTAA NETTILINKKIOSOITTEET, ETTÄ OVAT AJAN TASALLA!
 
040910S Koe-eläinkurssi (6cp) 
Laboratory Animal Course For Scientists 
 
300002M Tiedonhankinta opinnäytetyössä (1cp) 
Advanced Information Skills 
 
750031Y Orientoivat opinnot (2cp) 
Orientation course for new students 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st autumn - spring. 
Objective: The aim of the course is to introduce new biology students to the university, academic studies, the department and the studies of biology, give knowledge of the social relevance of the degree programme. 
Contents: Students orientate themselves with the help of small groups to the academic studies. During the course students make their first personal study plan. 
Working methods: Tutorials, presentations and representation seminar of major subjects. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Assessment methods: Participation to the tutorials, presentations, seminar and doing the personal study plan for the first year. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Ph.Lic. Minna Vanhatalo. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750033Y Pienryhmäohjaus (2cp) 
Tutorial for new students 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd autumn /M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: Course develops students’ skills to guide, make presentations, work in group and organize. It also advances planning, arrangement and guidance abilities as well as responsibility. 
Contents: The student guides a group of new students during the orientation course introducing them to the university, academic learning environment, the department, curriculum and other students with the help of small group meetings and presentations. 
Working methods: Tutorials and presentations. 
Target group: Optional studies. 
Prerequisites: Course 750031Y. 
Assessment methods: Tutorials for new students. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Ph.Lic. Minna Vanhatalo. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750103P Biologian historia (2cp) 
History of biology 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st - 3 rd year. 
Objective: Understand biology in the historical context, understand time scale. 
Contents: History shows that in the Finnish academic system the older sciences like theology and science of law suppressed the development of biological sciences. Biology in broader sense was born as useful science during the utilitarianism time period. 
Working methods: Book exam. 
Study materials: Book exam from the series of book: Suomen tieteen historia 1-3 ed. P. Tommila, WSOY (parts concerning biology, also the general lines of science). Or relevant literature in English. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750121P Solubiologia (5cp) 
Cell biology 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: The student is familiar with cellular structure and functioning in plant and animal cells, understands the social structures in multicellular species and knows why and how the genetic organizations (in nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria) are co-operating,  maintaining and regulating  the cellular metabolism.Student understands the common origin and evolution of life on planet Earth, and understands the material basis and mechanisms of this continuity. 
Contents: During the recent years especially the development of molecular and microscopic and imaging techniques has increased our knowledge on cells and their social interactions. The structural and functional characteristics of plant and animal cells will be covered as well as the genetic organization maintaining and regulating the system. 
Working methods: 72 h lectures, three final exams (zoology, botany, genetics). Home essays and internet material. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology and biochemistry students. 
Prerequisites: Cell biology is prerequisite for the following courses: 751367A, 751388A, 752345A, 753124P. Course gives readiness for studies in molecular biology and biochemistry. 
Study materials: Alberts, B. etc. 2008: Molecular Biology of the Cell (5 th ed.). Garland Science Publishing, London, 1268 s. ISBN: 0815341067. (Lodish et al. 2004: Molecular Cell Biology (5 th ed.). Freeman, New York, 973 s.). Heino J. & Vuento M. 2004: Solubiologia (2. painos), WSOY, Porvoo 306 s. http://cc.oulu.fi/~ssaarela/; http://www.oulu.fi/genet/cellbiology/ 
Assessment methods: Three final exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. Final grade is average value of the three final exams. 
Responsible person: Prof. Seppo Saarela, Prof. Hely Häggman and Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750124P Ekologian perusteet (5cp)
Basics of ecology
Scope: 5 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st spring.
Objective: After completion of the course both biology and minor studies students understand better function of nature and the ecological phenomena in individual, population, community and ecosystem level.
Contents: The course gives a student a basic idea about ecological interactions in individual-, population-, community- and ecosystem levels. In individual level the focus is on environmental demands of plants and animals. In population level the birth- and death rate of age groups and their effect on population growth is focused. In interactions between different species the emphasis is on how the competition between species leads to differentiation of niches. Predation is viewed as the regulatory effect on the population dynamics of prey populations. In community level the biodiversity and the patterns of succession are the main questions. In ecosystem level the emphasis is on energy flows and nutrient cycling. Evolution and adaptation are important in different fields of ecology.
Working methods: The course is divided into three parts which follow the course book Krebs, C. J. 2009: Ecology (6 th edition). 1 st part: 24 hours of lectures based mainly on parts 1-2 of the course book. 2 nd part: 24 hours of lectures are based on part 3 of the course book. 3 rd part: students read the part 4 from the course book. In the final exam of the course, there will be three questions, one from each part and all the questions have to be passed.
Target group: Compulsory to TEA, ECO and BT2, optional to BT1.
Study materials: Krebs, C. J. 2009: Ecology (6 th edition).
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell and Prof. Jari Oksanen.
Language of instruction: Finnish.

750160P Biologian sivuaineloppukuulustelu (4cp)
Minor subject examination in biology
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. / M.Sc.
Objective: The book exam gives to the non-biology student basics in biology so that he/she can follow the hydrobiology courses arranged by the biology degree programme.
Contents: Basics in biology.
Working methods: Book exam.
Target group: A book exam compulsory to non-biology students who do the hydrobiology study package.
Study materials: Campbell, N. A. & Reece J. B. & Mitchell, L.G. 1999: Biology, 5 th ed., Pearson Education Inc., 1175 p. Campbell, N. A. & Reece J. B. 2002: Biology, 6 th ed., Pearson Education Inc., 1247 p.
Assessment methods: Book exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.
Language of instruction: Book in English.

Linkki ei enää voimassa???:

750199P Ympäristönsuojelun valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Optional examinations in environmental protection 
Scope: 2-6 cr, depending on the books selected. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: To understnd biodiversity and its protection in global context. 
Contents: Depends on the book you select to read. 
Working methods: Written exam, essay style. Biology public exam day also during the summer. 
Target group: Biology, geography, geology, environmental engineering , exchange students. 
Study materials: Books are listed on web page: http://www.oulu.fi/genet/biodiversity/diversity. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Most books are in English, exam in Finnish, Swedish, English or German. 
 
750303A Luonnonsuojelu ja maankäyttö (3cp)
Nature conservation and land use
Scope: 3 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring and summer.
Objective: The student understands the main goals of conservation at international, national and regional levels and can implement these goals in practice.
Contents: The course will give general knowledge of conservation ecology and its use in the society policy making. The central themes are (1) conservation, monitoring and management of species and vegetation types, (2) the social impacts of conservation and (3) land use planning. The topics will be explored both at international and local levels.
Working methods: Before the course each pair of students will prepare an electronic poster presentation on a chosen theme. The students will present the posters during the course. Course materials and info will be gathered and updated in the OPTIMA-database (https:\ \ optima.oulu.fi). Course will be held at the Oulanka research station.
Target group: Students of biology and geography.
Prerequisites: For biology students Nature conservation (752321A), basic field courses (751306A, 751307A, 752304A). For geography students Nature conservation (752321A), Field course in physical geography (790310A).
Study materials: Course materials and info can be found in the OPTIMA database (see above).
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Anne Jäkäläniemi.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish.
 
750313A Projektityö (2-14cp) 
Research training 
Scope: 2-14 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Student applies the education given knowledge and skills in working life to gain hands-on experience. 
Contents: Work on special projects in the different biology research groups at the department or elsewhere or independent project work including field and/or laboratory work or work at the biological stations. The work is not included to other study modules in biology. 
Working methods: The topic and the study plan have to be agreed on in advance. The student has to keep diary and prepare a report on the work. 
Assessment methods: Report. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professor of the student’s major subject. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750316A Ympäristönsuojelun hallinto ja lainsäädäntö (5cp) 
Legislation in environmental protection 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn - spring. Every second year. 
Objective: To familiarise students with environmental legislation in European Union with regard to environmental protection and natural resources. Student is able to apply his knowledge to different environmental questions and analyze the needed means. Student knows the environmental administration and organisations in environmental protection and natural resources. 
Contents: Environmental protection and natural resources legislation in Finland and in Europe. Environmental administration and organisations, use and protection of natural resources, prevention of environmental destruction, assessment of environmental effect as well as principles of environmental legislation and main international conventions, environmental issues in UNEP and OECD are covered. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 18 h exercises including demonstrations, literature, and final exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to students who are doing the environmental protection 25 cr. study module. 
Study materials: Hollo, E. J. 2001: Ympäristönsuojeluoikeus, WSOY, 592 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. Also the environmental legislation course that Faculty of technology arranges is accepted. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750322A Laboratorio-, laite- ja mittaustekniikka (5cp) 
Laboratory techniques and instrumentation 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: After completing the course the student 1) knows the biologically important variable types and their scales as well as sources of measurement errors,  2) can explain the operation principles of biologically important transducers, 3) is able to apply this knowledge in planning and constructing experimental set-ups, 4) knows the principles of laboratory safety. 
Contents: Lectures: Variables, distributions, scales; random and systematic errors. Important transducers in biology: electrodes, temperature, pressure, flow force, movement, radiation and gas transducers. Disturbances of measurements, recording and storing measurement signals, elementary signal analysis. Principal concepts of electronics. Laboratory safety. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 64 h laboratory exercises: demonstrations of various transducers and larger measurement set-ups. Hands-on exercises on various laboratory instruments. Final exam. 
Target group: Optional for BS in B.Sc. degree, compulsory to BSz in M.Sc. degree. 
Prerequisites: This course is a prerequisite to course 751635S. 
Study materials: Handouts and other material. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola and Dr. Satu Mänttäri. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750325A Talviekologia ja -fysiologia (6-8cp) 
Winter ecology and physiology 
Scope: 3-8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st spring. NNE. 
Objective: Student obtains basic knowledge of animal and plant acclimations and adaptations to winter, and can evaluate the effects of cold temperatures and snow on overwintering, and learns central methodology in winter ecology and physiology. 
Contents: Three independent units: 1) Thermal biology and energetics 3 cr (32 h lectures and 4 h exercises); 2) Winter ecology and physiology course (7 h lectures and 13 h laboratory practicals and 4 h seminar in Oulu, and  4 day long field excursion to the Oulanka Research Station (total about 50 h, 3 cr); 3) Book exam on a common exam day 2 cr: Marchand, P. J. 1996: Life in the cold. An introduction to winter ecology. Examinations on the parts are held independently from each other. Selected literature will be provided. 
Working methods: Lectures, exercises, report and seminar presentation. 
Prerequisites: Prerequisites courses 750124P, 752304A, 750121P, 751306A, 751307A and 752345A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Marchand, P. J. 1996: Life in the cold. An introduction to winter ecology. (3rd edition). University Press of New England. 304 p. 
Assessment methods: Seminar presentation and book exam. 
Grading: Seminar: Pass / Fail, book exam: 1-5, Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell, Prof. Esa Hohtola and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
750332A Kypsyysnäyte () 
Bachelor of Science maturity exam 
Scope: 0 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. degree. 
Contents: After completing the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science. Thesis, the student writes an essay in his/her native language on the thesis, to show a good command of the language and the topic of the thesis. Detailed instructions on the biology notice board.   
Working methods: Four pages long essay exam. Two teachers examine the maturity exam (at least one teacher has to present the students major subject).  Department council accepts the maturity exam. 4 h exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. Exam is taken after completion of the thesis. 
Assessment methods: Four pages long essay. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professor of the student’s major subject. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / Swedish / English. 
 
750336A Evoluutioekologia (5cp) 
Evolutionary ecology 
Scope: 5 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. degree 2nd autumn.
Objective: To understand main principles of evolution and the concepts of natural selection, fitness and adaptation. Learn basics of life-history adaptation, speciation processes and social evolution.
Contents: The aim of the course is to introduce a student with lectures and seminars to the main topics of evolutionary ecology, for example basic concepts of natural selection and evolution, selection level, speciation, evolution of life cycles, interactions between and within species are included. Review to the latest research results.
Working methods: 36 h lectures and compulsory seminars, final exam.
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students.
Study materials: Additional reading: Björklund, Mats 2009 Evoluutiobiologia. Gaudeamus, Sterans, S. and Hoekstra, R. F. 2005: Evolution, An Introduction. Oxford University Press, New York, 575 p.
Assessment methods: Seminar and final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Arja Kaitala.
Language of instruction: Finnish / (English).
 
750339A Kalottialueen retkeily (4cp) 
Arctic ecology excursion 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree.
Objective: Student learns special features of the northern areas and natural resources. Ecological and environmental problems and pollution in the northernmost parts of Fennoscandia. Students get acquainted to activities in different countries’ research stations.
Contents: Arctic ecology excursion and seminar.
Working methods: Excursion and seminar.
Target group: Ecology students.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Kari Taulavuori.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

750340A Bioinformatiikan perusteet (3cp) 
Basics of bioinformatics 
Scope: 3 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. studies, 2 nd spring.
Objective: After the course the student knows and is able to use the basic methods for handling the nucleotide and protein sequences. The aim is that the student learns how to use the databases, understands the background and principles of the analytic methods, is able to take up a critical attitude towards the used methods and gets a good background for applying new methods that are developed continuously.
Contents: Searching of material from the databases, inferring the function of a gene and structure of a protein based on sequence data, comparing the sequences and evaluating the differences between them as well as examining the evolution history of the genes.
Working methods: 12 h lectures, 2 h seminar, 20 h exercises, independent work.
Target group: BT: compulsory, recommended for all biologists. Suitable also for biochemists.
Prerequisites: Course Concepts of genetics (753124P) compulsory, also Molecular evolution (753327A) is recommended.
Study materials: Mount, D.W. 2000: Bioinformatics, sequence and genome analysis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 564 p.
Assessment methods: Reports, seminar presentation.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail
Responsible person: Dr. Minna Ruokonen.
Language of instruction: Finnish / (English).
 
750347A Ekologiset menetelmät I (6cp) 
Ecological methods I 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd autumn. 
Objective: Students are familiar to scientific method and can separate scientific information from other contents of culture. Students have learned to assess the uncertainty of information and can evaluate the quality of information with respect to its applied value. Students also learn the build a valid theoretical or empirical strategy to solve scientific problems. 
Contents: The aim of the course is to introduce the students in scientific modes of argumentation and research methods in modern ecology. Both the empirical and theoretical methods and their relationship in theory formation are discussed. Hypothesis testing; observational method, experimental method and comparative method are the empirical methods introduced. Autumn period ends in a seminar where scientific publications are analysed. 
Working methods: Lectures, seminar, exercises, and final exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to ECO. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Kari Koivula, Dr. Seppo Rytkönen ja Prof. Juha Tuomi. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750363A Eliömaantiede (4cp) 
Biogeography 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: The course introduces students to basic concepts of biogeography, patterns of distribution and historical and present factors affecting the distribution. Plant biogeography introduces students to modern and historical factors controlling the plant cover, and to the special methods of vegetation science. 
Contents: The course consists of general part and optional part on plant biogeography and vegetation science. The general part introduces basic models and theories of distribution of organisms in the environment. Historical, evolutionary, geographical, climatic and ecological explanations. Research methods used in biogeography. The part on plant biogeography and vegetation science introduces methods on factors controlling the structure and composition of vegetation, and describes major vegetation types in Finland and principal biomes in the World. Methods of vegetation science are briefly surveyed. 
Working methods: 24 h (z) + 40 h (b) = 64 h lectures, two final exams. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students.
Study materials: Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D. 2005: Biogeography (7th ed.). Blackwell Science, Cambridge University Press. Eurola, S. 1999: Kasvipeitteemme alueellisuus. Oulanka Reports. Oulu 116 p., Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D. 2000: Biogeography* (6 th ed.). Blackwell Science, Cambridge University Press. 298 p. 
Assessment methods: Two final exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. Weighting: 1/3 animal biogeography exam and 2/3 plant biogeography exam. 
Responsible person: Dr. Laura Kvist and Prof. Jari Oksanen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750364A Molekyylimenetelmien harjoitukset I (4cp) 
Molecular methods I 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: BS: B.Sc. 2 nd spring, ECO: M.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: After the course the student is able to use the basic methods of DNA work. The student can isolate DNA from different organisms, estimate the quality and quantity of the DNA, amplify DNA fragments with the polymerase chain reaction, design PCR primers, sequence DNA, and do fragment analysis. The student is able to evaluate his results and optimize methods to some degree. 
Contents: Contents: Isolation of genomic DNA, amplification of DNA by PCR, primer design, DNA sequencing, and fragment analysis (for example, microsatellites). Computer programs needed for DNA-sequence and fragment analysis. 
Working methods: 48 h exercises including demonstrations, 50 h independent work including homework and reports. 
Target group: Compulsory to BS, suitable for ECO students who are interested in population and evolutionary ecology.   
Prerequisites: Course 753104A. 
Assessment methods: Reports. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail 
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750365A Molekyylimenetelmien harjoitukset II (4cp) 
Molecular methods II 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: BS: B.Sc. 3 rd autumn. 
Objective: The student knows how to study gene expression at different levels (transcription, translation) and understands the benefits and limitations of each method used. 
Contents: The course consists of laboratory work elaborating principles of gene expression by molecular biology. 
Working methods: 50 h exercises including demonstrations, 50 h independent work, work reports. 
Target group: Compulsory to BS. 
Prerequisites: Course 750364A. 
Assessment methods: Work reports. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Anna Maria Mattila. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750366A LuK-loppukuulustelu (5cp) 
Bachelor of Science final examination 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year. 
Objective: Student will understand basic methods, results and theories in ecology, physiology or genetics. 
Contents: Examinations on books related to B.Sc.-thesis subject. List of books are presented on noticed boards and in the internet. Students make workshops where they discuss content of the books. All the books are done on the same exam. 
Working methods: Book exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Study materials: See book list: http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/luk-kirjat.htm 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola, Prof. Hely Häggman, Prof. Satu Huttunen, Prof. Jaakko Lumme and Prof. Markku Orell. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750367A LuK-tutkielma (10cp) 
Bachelor of Science thesis 
Scope: 10 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year. 
Objective: Student will plan and write up thesis by getting acquainted to an interesting biology subject and reviewing it critically with the help of relevant scientific source material. 
Contents: Independent research work on a scientific subject in agreement with the responsible professor and under the supervision of the Department. The supervisors may be professors of the department, docents and other teachers and researchers who have the docent’s status. The student may have several supervisors, the other supervisor may be from other department, university (also abroad) or from research institute.  The subject must be agreed on with the professor in advance. The research work can contain fieldwork, laboratory work, theoretical work or work on collections in museum. The work always includes a literature survey. After having completed the thesis, the student writes the Maturity Exam. The dean will order the final examiners by the proposal of the professor. Department council accepts and grades the thesis on the basis of the final examiners’ opinions. 
Working methods: About 20 pages long thesis. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Prerequisites: Done at the same time as B.Sc. seminar workshop in spring. 
Assessment methods: Thesis. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750396A LuK-seminaari (4cp) 
Bachelor of Science seminar 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year. 
Objective: Student will familiarize himself with the help of lectures, workshop and seminar in making scientific review, presentation and scientific communication. 
Contents: Seminar concerns widely scientific channels of communication. It promotes working out of the B. Sc. thesis. Course includes short seminar presentation of the thesis subject. Seminar also includes working the thesis and scientific articles, ways and channels of scientific communication, writing techniques, publishing forums and references. Seminar includes course 030005P Introduction to information retrieval (1 cr), see Scientific library Tellus for more information. 
Working methods: Lectures, exercises, exam, workgroups, and seminar or poster presentation. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Assessment methods: Exam, workgroup and presentation. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola (autumn) and Prof. Jari Oksanen (spring). 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 

Linkki ei enää voimassa???:

750399A Ympäristönsuojelun valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Optional examinations in environmental protection 
Scope: 2-6 cr, depending on the books selected. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: To understnd biodiversity and its protection in global context. 
Contents: Depends on the book you select to read. 
Working methods: Written exam, essay style. Biology public exam day also during the summer. 
Target group: Biology, geography, geology, environmental engineering , exchange students. 
Study materials: Books are listed on web page: http://www.oulu.fi/genet/biodiversity/diversity. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Most books are in English, exam in Finnish, Swedish, English or German. 

750600J Opetuksen ja tutkimuksen integrointi (1-4cp) 
Integration of research and teaching 
Scope: 1-4 cr. 
Timing: Ph.Lic. or Ph.D. degree. 
Objective: Students get teaching experience and learn to integrate latest scientific results in  subject teaching. 
Contents: Teaching in a course belonging to the B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree in the Department of Biology. Credits depend on the amount of teaching. Arranged with the professor of the student’s major subject. 
Working methods: Teaching in biology degree programme courses. 
Target group: Suitable for Ph.Lic. or Ph.D. students. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750603S Luonnonsuojelu ja maankäyttö (3cp) 
Nature conservation and land use 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring and summer. 
Objective: The student understands the main goals of conservation at international, national and regional levels and can implement these goals in practice. 
Contents: The course will give general knowledge of conservation ecology and its use in the society policy making. The central themes are (1) conservation, monitoring and management of species and vegetation types, (2) the social impacts of conservation and (3) land use planning. The topics will be explored both at international and local levels. 
Working methods: Before the course each pair of students will prepare an electronic poster presentation on a chosen theme. The students will present the posters during the course. Course materials and info will be gathered and updated in the OPTIMA-database (https:\ \ optima.oulu.fi). Course will be held at the Oulanka research station. 
Target group: Students of biology and geography. 
Prerequisites: For biology students Nature conservation (752321A), basic field courses (751306A, 751307A, 752304A). For geography students Nature conservation (752321A), Field course in physical geography (790310A). 
Study materials: Course materials and info can be found in the OPTIMA database (see above). 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Anne Jäkäläniemi. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750604S Metapopulaatiodynamiikka (4cp) 
Metapopulation dynamics 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. degree.
Objective: The students know the principles of the theory of metapopulations, and can apply the theory for developing testable ecological hypotheses, concerning, for instance, the conservation of threatened species.
Contents: The general theory of metapopulations, spatially explicit (or nature-like) metapopulation models, the genetic structure of metapopulations, application of metapopulation models in conservation of endangered species.
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 16 h exercises, seminar. Teachers from different study subjects.
Prerequisites: Course 756323S or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials: Hanski, I. 1999: Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 313 p and current scientific articles.
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen and Prof. Markku Orell.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

750613S Projektityö (2-14cp) 
Research training 
Scope: 2-14 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Student applies the education given knowledge and skills in working life to gain hands-on experience. 
Contents: Work on special projects in the different biology research groups at the department or elsewhere or independent project work including field and/or laboratory work or work at the biological stations. The work is not included to other study modules in biology. 
Working methods: The topic and the study plan have to be agreed on in advance. The student has to keep diary and prepare a report on the work. 
Assessment methods: Report. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professor of the student’s major subject. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750615S Harjoittelu (5-9cp) 
Practical training 
Scope: 5-9 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd summer, M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: The aim of the course is for students to gain work experience in their own field of biology. Student applies the theoretical knowledge gained during the studies in practice. 
Contents: Minimum training period is two months full day work (5 cr.). Students obtain 5 - 9 credits depending on the length and intensity of the training. For three months trainig students can get 7 cr if the work is versatile.  Student can also do the training period during her exchange period or train otherwise abroad. For two months work abroad student gets 7 credits and 9 credits for three months work abroad. 
Working methods: The trainee has to keep a journal of the work and its background factors. This journal and a summary of 6-8 pages have to be handed in to the responsible contact person after the training period. The summary should contain information on the training place, the ongoing research, the trainee’s own work and its results. The journal is returned to the student after the summary has been approved. The student has also to be given a reference of the work. Offered training placements are announced in the department’s office. Entering for the practical training is made in 3rd autumn. Normally, the student has to find him/herself a placement in public or private sectors or abroad. 
Target group: Compulsory to BS and ECO in the M.Sc. degree. 
Prerequisites: About 80 credit amount of biology courses. 
Assessment methods: Journal and final report. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: The supervisors of the practical training are Prof. Markku Orell (ECOz), Prof. Satu Huttunen (ECOb), Prof. Hely Häggman (ECOb), Prof. Esa Hohtola (BSz) and Prof. Outi Savolainen (BSg). 
Other information: The student has to contact the professor and discuss about the suitability of the internship place in beforehand.   
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750616S Ympäristönsuojelun hallinto ja lainsäädäntö (5cp) 
Legislation in environmental protection 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn - spring. Every second year. 
Objective: To familiarise students with environmental legislation in European Union with regard to environmental protection and natural resources. Student is able to apply his knowledge to different environmental questions and analyze the needed means. Student knows the environmental administration and organisations in environmental protection and natural resources. 
Contents: Environmental protection and natural resources legislation in Finland and in Europe. Environmental administration and organisations, use and protection of natural resources, prevention of environmental destruction, assessment of environmental effect as well as principles of environmental legislation and main international conventions, environmental issues in UNEP and OECD are covered. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 18 h exercises including demonstrations, literature, and final exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to students who are doing the environmental protection 25 cr study module. 
Study materials: Hollo, E. J. 2001: Ympäristönsuojeluoikeus, WSOY, 592 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. Also the environmental legislation course that Faculty of technology arranges is accepted. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750618S Biologian torstaiseminaari (2cp) 
Thursday seminar in biology 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st and 2 nd year, Ph.Lic. or Ph.D. degree. 
Objective: Students get knowledge about the current results and theories in biology. 
Contents: Lectures in English on current topics in biology given by guest lecturers. See seminar programme: http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/tose.htm 
Working methods: Guest lectures on Thursdays 12 am-1 pm in the auditorium YB 210 (Kuusamonsali). See notice boards for the lecture schedule. Attendance at 10 lectures with a one-page report for each corresponds to 2 ECTS credits. 
Target group: Undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in biology. 
Assessment methods: 10 participations and 10 one page long reports. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
750619S Mikroskooppinen tekniikka (4cp) 
Course in microscopic techniques 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: Special course gives skills for using methods, which can be utilized when examining structures of animals and plants, their development, the interaction between structure and function or localizing chemical and molecular phenomena in cells. 
Contents: Yearly variable lectures include the use of different types of microscopes and peripheral equipment, main types of preparations, preparation phases of the most common biological samples and a short survey of analytic and immuno-electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, cryotechniques and image analysis. Exercises include for example basic methods of cytogenetics, preparation of conventional light microscope and electron microscope (SEM and TEM) preparates for different purposes. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, demonstrations, laboratory work, final exam. Lectures and exercises total 4 cr. 
Target group: Suitable for BS and ecophysiology students. 
Prerequisites: Methods and skills learned in this course make good use in many fields. 
Study materials: Handouts, lecture material and literature are given at the start of the course. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available . 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750622S Laboratorio-, laite- ja mittaustekniikka (5cp) 
Laboratory, instrumentation and measurement techniques 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: After completing the course the student 1) knows the biologically important variable types and their scales as well as sources of measurement errors,  2) can explain the operation principles of biologically important transducers, 3) is able to apply this knowledge in planning and constructing experimental set-ups, 4) knows the principles of laboratory safety. 
Contents: Lectures: Variables, distributions, scales; random and systematic errors. Important transducers in biology: electrodes, temperature, pressure, flow force, movement, radiation and gas transducers. Disturbances of measurements, recording and storing measurement signals, elementary signal analysis. Principal concepts of electronics. Laboratory safety. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 64 h laboratory exercises: demonstrations of various transducers and larger measurement set-ups. Hands-on exercises on various laboratory instruments. 
Target group: Optional for BS in B.Sc. degree, compulsory to BSz in M.Sc. degree. 
Prerequisites: This course is a prerequisite to course 751635S. 
Study materials: Handouts and other material. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola and Dr. Satu Mänttäri. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750625S Talviekologia ja -fysiologia (6-8cp) 
Winter ecology and physiology 
Scope: 3-8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st spring. NNE. 
Objective: Student obtains basic knowledge of animal and plant acclimations and adaptations to winter, and can evaluate the effects of cold temperatures and snow on overwintering, and learns central methodology in winter ecology and physiology. 
Contents: Three independent units: 1) Thermal biology and energetics 3 cr (32 h lectures and 4 h exercises); 2) Winter ecology and physiology course (7 h lectures and 13 h laboratory practicals and 4 h seminar in Oulu, and  4 day long field excursion to the Oulanka Research Station (total about 50 h, 3 cr); 3) Book exam on a common exam day 2 cr: Marchand, P. J. 1996: Life in the cold. An introduction to winter ecology. Examinations on the parts are held independently from each other. Selected literature will be provided. 
Working methods: Lectures, exercises, report and seminar presentation. 
Prerequisites: Courses 750124P, 752304A, 750121P, 751306A, 751307A and 752345A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Havas, P. & Sulkava, S. 1987: Suomen luonnon talvi. Kirjayhtymä, Helsinki, 222 s.; Marchand, P. J. 1996: Life in the cold. An introduction to winter ecology. (3rd edition). University Press of New England. 304 p. 
Assessment methods: Seminar presentation and book exam. 
Grading: Seminar: Pass / Fail, book exam: 1-5, Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell, Prof. Esa Hohtola and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
750626S Luonnon ekologinen inventointi ja ympäristövaikutusten arviointi (7cp) 
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and ecological inventory of natural resources 
Scope: 7 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: After finishing the course student get acquainted to inventory approaches of natural ecosystems and is able to apply knowledge to environmental impact assessments. Student has skills to fulfil environmental impact assessments based on different types of case studies. Additionally, student knows the legal procedure to act as responsible person for EIA. 
Contents: The course gives an overview of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its tasks according to the present legislation of the European Community. The course includes general part and 2-6 special parts which student has to attend minimum two parts (total 3-7 parts).  Part 1. Introduction to EIA 25 h lectures (ecology, GIS, hydrology and socioeconomy, quality assessment). Part 2.-6. 12-14 h lectures each. E.g. hydrology, water quality, ecology, ecological inventorying of nature, economy, sociology, GIS. Course includes obligatory exercise work. 
Working methods: Course is executed in cooperation with other university departments, basic module and advanced modules. 
Study materials: Modak, P. & Biswas, A.K. 1999. Conducting environmental impact assessment for developing countries. UN University Press 364p. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen and Prof. Bjørn Kløve. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
750627S Biodiversity in boreal forests (3.5cp) 
Biodiversity in boreal forests 
Scope: 3,5 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring. 
Objective: The student gets the latest knowledge in conservation biology with special regards to boreal forest ecosystem. 
Contents: Latest knowledge in conservation biology with special regards to boreal forest ecosystem. The course contains 8 hours introductory lectures defining basic concepts in conservation biology, as well as focusing on characteristics and ecosystem functioning in the boreal zone. The discussions focus on current topics in recently published papers concerning e.g. natural disturbances, habitat fragmentation, species extinctions etc. The scope of the course is not restricted to any particular taxa, but the emphasis will be on conceptual issues and on applications of ecological research. 
Working methods: 8 h lectures, 14 h discussion groups. 
Study materials: Gaston, K. J. & Spicer, J. I. 2004: Biodiversity. An Introduction. Blackwell. 191 p. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
750629S Kaamos-symposium (2-4cp) 
Kaamos symposium 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.Lic. and Ph.D. autumn. 
Objective: Students get acquainted to preparing, presenting and evaluating a scientific oral presentation. 
Contents: The Kaamos Symposium consisting of presenting current research projects is held every year at the end of autumn period. Through presenting their research work and projects and obtaining feedback from the audience (students and the staff of the department) post graduate students gain experience in holding a scientific presentation. 
Working methods: Own presentation and the whole symposium 4 credits, summary of five presentations and symposium 2 cr. 
Target group: Undergraduate and postgraduate biology students. 
Assessment methods: Presentation or reports. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
750631S Ekosysteemiekologia (3cp) 
Ecosystem ecology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. 
Objective: Know the central theoretical constructs and results of ecosystems ecology, and be able to apply ecosystem ecology in the analysis of ecological and environmental questions. 
Contents: Most important ecological processes, such as cycles of water, coal and nutrients, and the flux of the energy. Ecological control processes, and the effect of environmental heterogeneity. The impacts of Humans in the ecosystem processes in global and local scales. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, exam. 
Target group: Ecology students. 
Prerequisites: Course 750124P or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Chapin, F.S., Matson, P.A. & Mooney H. A. 2002: Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer Verlag. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750632S Kypsyysnäyte () 
Maturity exam 
Scope: 0 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. degree.
Contents: After completing the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science. Thesis, the student writes an essay in his/her native language on the thesis, to show a good command of the language and the topic of the thesis. Detailed instructions on the biology notice board.
Working methods: Four pages long essay exam. Two teachers examine the maturity exam (at least one teacher has to present the students major subject).  Department council accepts the maturity exam. 4 h exam.
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. Exam is taken after completion of the thesis.
Assessment methods: Four pages long essay exam.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Professor of the student’s major subject.
Language of instruction: Finnish / Swedish / English.

750635S Biodiversiteetti ihmisen muuttamissa ympäristöissä (6cp) 
Biodiversity in human changed environments 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st and 2 nd year, autumn. 
Objective: Student gets a wide view on basic concepts in conservation biology, why and how biodiversity can be maintained, present situation of biodiversity worldwide, threats and conservation needs of biodiversity. 
Contents: The course consists of three parts: 1. Introduction, which initiates students into main concepts and the present situation of biodiversity worldwide. 2. Populations, communities, and ecosystems in human changed environments. Themes e.g. extinctions, conservation areas and their management, biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems, invasive species issues, extinction and fragmentation of natural habitats. 3. Genetics. Modern theory and practice of genetic conservation especially the usage of molecular genetic methods in determining the population structure. 
Working methods: 34 h lectures nad practicals, internet work and exam. 
Target group: Advanced course for ecology and genetics students. 
Study materials: Part 1.: Gaston, K. J. & Spicer, J. I. 2004: Biodiversity. An Introduction. 2 nd ed, Blackwell. 191 p. Other literature agreed on with the responsible persons. 
Assessment methods: Practical work and exam. 
Grading: Work report: Accepted / Fail, exam: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Laura Kvist, Prof. Timo Muotka, Prof. Markku Orell and Dr. Pirkko Siikamäki. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750639S Kalottialueen retkeily (4cp) 
Excursion to the Subarctic area 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree.
Objective: Student learns special features of the northern areas and natural resources. Ecological and environmental problems and pollution in the northernmost parts of Fennoscandia. Students get acquainted to activities in different countries’ research stations.
Contents: Arctic ecology excursion and seminar.
Working methods: Excursion and seminar.
Target group: Ecology students.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Kari Taulavuori.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

750642S Optimointi- ja peliteoriat (3cp) 
Optimatisation and game theories 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: M. Sc. degree. 
Objective:
Contents: How to apply optimising principle into ecological problems. The emphasis is on the evolutionary ecological questions and how to analyse them with different optimising methods. Practicals include simple optimization exercises and game theory problems. Course includes modelling project where biological problems are solved with the help of taught methods. 
Working methods: 14 h lectures, 14 h exercises, exam. 
Target group: Ecology students. 
Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of ecology and evolution ecology, no necessary mathematical skills. Concept of derivative is basic in all optimising methods. 
Assessment methods: Modelling project and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750647S Ekologiset menetelmät II (7cp) 
Methods in ecology II 
Scope: 7 cr. 
Timing: M. Sc. 1 st year.   
Objective: The aim of the course is to learn in practice how to apply scientific method in ecological research. The student learns how to select appropriate methods for different ecological problems, and a toolkit for study design and data analysis. 
Contents: Continuation to course Ecological methods I 6cr (750347A). This course focuses on applying the scientific method in ecological research. The course consists mainly of computer exercises in the following subjects: sampling, sample size determination, experimental design and statistical analysis esp. analysis of variance, comparative methods (independent contrasts - analysis), multivariate methods (cluster analysis, ordination) and meta-analysis. Also other current issues can be included. The course ends in a Master Thesis seminar where students can discuss and develop their thesis plans with  students and instructors. 
Working methods: Lectures, seminar, exercises and final exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to ECOz and ECOb. 
Prerequisites: Course 750347A. Recommended: Basics of statistics I 806109P. 
Study materials: Handout. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Pass. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen and Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish exercises also English if necessary. 
 
750661S Tutkimusryhmäseminaari (2-4cp) 
Research group seminar 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree. 
Contents: Workshop type seminars in different fields of biology help by research groups. Advanced or postgraduate studies. 2 cr. per different seminar series. 
Working methods: 26 h seminars / workshops. 
Target group: M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree. 
Assessment methods: Active participation to seminars. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
750662J Tutkimussuunnitelmaseminaari (4cp) 
Research planning seminar 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: Ph. Lic. and Ph.D. students. Special announcement. 
Objective: Student can make clear well-grounded research plan and is able to evaluate other students’ plans.
Contents: Seminars on the research plans of post-graduate students  Presentation of own research plan, two opponent times and participation in 8 seminars in all. Student has to give seminar presentation within one year after starting Ph.D. studies.
Target group: Compulsory to Ph.D. students.
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi and Dr. Laura Kvist.
Language of instruction: English.

750696S Maisteriseminaari (4cp) 
Master of science seminar 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st - 2 nd year. 
Objective: The seminar gives advanced scientific communication and information retrieval skills. 
Contents: Student gives two seminar presentations: 1) research plan 15 min presentation and 15 min discussion 2) results 30 min presentation and 15 min discussion. Results seminar presentation has to be before the student gives her M.Sc. thesis for reviewing. 
Working methods: Two seminar presentations and one research seminar and one result seminar presentation opponenting, eight research seminar participations, and eight result seminar participations. Topics and dates have to be agreed with the professor in beforehand. See notice board for the schedules and instructions. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Assessment methods: Two seminar presentations, one research plan seminar oppontentung one result seminar oppontenting and eight research plan seminar and eight result seminar participations. See detailes on the notice board. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
Linkki ei enää voimassa???:

750699S Ympäristönsuojelun valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Optional examinations in environmental protection
Scope: 2-6 cr, depending on the books selected. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: To understnd biodiversity and its protection in global context. 
Contents: Depends on the book you select to read. 
Working methods: Written exam, essay style. Biology public exam day also during the summer. 
Target group: Biology, geography, geology, environmental engineering , exchange students. 
Study materials: Books are listed on web page: http://www.oulu.fi/genet/biodiversity/diversity. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Most books are in English, exam in Finnish, Swedish, English or German. 

751193P Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja () 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Zoological studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell or Prof. Esa Hohtola.
 
751306A Maaeläimistön tuntemus ja ekologia (4 cp) 
Field course in terrestrial animals 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. - 1 st  summer. NNE. 
Objective: The aim of the course is to learn the basics of field identification and ecology of terrestrial animals in northern Finland. The student will understand that proper skills in species identification and knowledge of species’ ecology are the basis of ecological research. 
Contents: The fauna in different kinds of terrestrial habitats is studied using several ecological sampling and research methods. The spring part of the course (4 days, in Oulu) deals with identification and counting methods of birds. The second part (10 days, at the Oulanka Research Station, Kuusamo) deals with identification and ecology of invertebrates, mammals (especially small mammals), gallinaceous birds and birds of prey. The exercises take place partly in the field and partly in the laboratory. Data gained during the course is analyzed. The results are reported (in PowerPoint) and presented in the final seminar in Kuusamo. 
Working methods: 1. Part in Oulu: 2 h lectures, 28 h exercises May (2 cr.) 2. part in Kuusamo: 70 h demonstrations and practicals, one species and theory exam (4.5 cr). 
Target group: Compulsory (4 cr) to ECO. TEAeco: either Field course in terrestrial animals 4 cr or Field course in aquatic animals 4 cr is compulsory for biology major, the other field course can be included to the ecology minor. TEAbs: alternatively compulsory to TEAbs either Field course in terrestrial animals 4 cr. or Field course in aquatic animals 4 cr (at least 9 cr compulsory, two field courses, one animal and other botany field course). 
Prerequisites: 751373A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Compulsory at Oulanka: 1) Rytkönen, S. ym. 2003: 751306 Maaeläimistön tuntemus ja ekologia. - Biologian laitoksen monisteita 3/2003. Oulun yliopisto, Oulu. 2), Itämies, J. & Viro, P. 1995: Eläinten lajintuntemus, selkärangattomat. Eläintieteen laitoksen monisteita 1/1995, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu. Insect book recommended: Chinery, M. 1988 Pohjois-Euroopan hyönteisheimojen määritysopas, Tammi, Helsinki, 2. painos. 
Assessment methods: Exam, seminar presentation. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. 
Other information: Binoculars, bird identification book, suitable outfit. Preparation knife, preparation scissors and sharp cusp tweezers. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751307A Vesieläimistön tuntemus ja ekologia (4cp) 
Field course in aquatic animals 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st summer. 
Objective: To learn basic methods in identifying and sampling of freshwater animals. 
Contents: Identification of the most important freshwater fishes and invertebrates. Demonstrations of the most frequently-used sampling methods.   
Working methods: Summer: 6 h lectures in Oulu and 70 h of field work and demonstrations in Oulanka research station. 
Target group: Compulsory (4 cr) to ECO. TEAeco: either Field course in aquatic animals 4 cr or Field course in terrestrial animals 4 cr is compulsory for biology major, the other field course can be included to the ecology minor. TEAbs, alternatively compulsory to TEAbs either Field course in aquatic animals 4 cr or Field course in terrestrial animals 4 cr (at least 9 cr compulsory, two field courses, one animal and other botany field course).
Prerequisites: 751373A or equivalent knowledge (if necessary, selection to the course 751307A can be based on success in course 751373A). 
Study materials: Handouts and lectures given during the course. 
Assessment methods: Species identification, practical and theoretical exam on the final course day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751354A Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examinations on optional topics 
 
751357A Vertaileva endokrinologia (3cp) 
Comparative endokrinology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1st spring. 
Objective: Student understands transmittance of hormonal effects, knows most important endocrine glands, hormones, chemical structure of hormones and structural evolution, knows most important effects of hormones and is able to describe the hormonal regulation of vital functions. 
Contents: Structure, function and regulation of the endocrine glands in vertebrates. See http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/ve. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, essays, final exam. 
Study materials: Hadley M. E. 2000: Endocrinology, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, 585 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place every other year if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751366A Eläinten käyttäytyminen (5cp) 
Animal behaviour 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd  spring, M.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: To understand basic principles of animal behaviour in an evolutionary ecology contest. 
Contents: The basics of behavioural ecology of animals. Lecture topics: Animal foraging, predator-pray interactions, mating systems, and social behaviour. Seminars are based on the latest research results. 
Working methods: 30 h lectures, seminars, final exam. 
Target group: B.Sc. degree optional to ECO, M.Sc. degree compulsory to ECOz. 
Study materials: Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N.B. (1993) An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, 4 th edition, Oxford: Blackwell. Viitala, J, (2005): Vapaasta tahdosta? Käyttäytymisen evolutiivinen perusta. 2005. Atena. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Arja  Kaitala. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751367A Kehitysbiologia-histologia (4-9cp) 
Developmental biology-histology 
Scope: 5-9 cr. (lectures + exams  = 5 cr, lectures + exercises + exam = 9 cr.) 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: After completing the developmental biology -part of the course the student is able to name the most important events of embryonic development and the structural changes related to them. The student is also able to describe the principles gene regulation related to embryonic development. After completing the histology-part of the course the student is able to describe the various tissue types and the microscopic structure of important organs and is also able to identify tissue types and organs from microscopic sections. 
Contents: Motto: “It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life.” Lewis Wolpert (1986). Developmental biology will cover gametogenesis, fertilization, forming of embryonic tissue layers (gastrulation), embryonic induction, signal molecules and the differentiation of the most important tissues and organs (organogenesis). Histology will first cover various tissue types, their cell types and matrix composition. Thereafter, the microscopic structure and tissue composition of various organs and organ systems will be covered. In both parts, drawing from microscopic slides will support lectures. 
Working methods: 38 h lectures and  44 h exercises, microscopic  studying and drawing from the preparates. 
Target group: Compulsory to BS 9 cr, TEAbs, TEAeco and ECO compulsory 4 cr (lectures), exercises optional for TEAeco. 
Prerequisites: 750121P or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Lecture notes, lecture handouts, laboratory handouts. 
Assessment methods: Exams (2 exams  of lectures, 1 exam of laboratory exercises). 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. Weighting: lecture exams 2/3, laboratory exams 1/3. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola (lectures), Prof. Seppo Saarela (laboratory exercises). 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751368A Riistaeläinekologia (7cp) 
Wildlife management and game animal ecology 
Scope: 7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. NNE. 
Objective: After carrying out the study module the student will be able to recognize special ecological traits of the game animals and relate them to the general ecological framework. The student will be also to appraise the basics of durable hunting of game animals. The student will be also able to appraise the basics of durable hunting of game animals and critically judge different wildlife management methods from the scientific starting point. 
Contents: The ecology of game species, their life histories, population dynamics and predator-prey relationships. Hunting ecology: man as predator, management and hunting of the game species. The impact of forestry on the game species’ populations. Students are also introduced to wildlife management in practice and to the social aspect of wildlife-human relationship. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, one-day excursion to a game breeding area, seminar with written reports and final exam. 
Assessment methods: Seminar with report and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Jouni Aspi, Dr. Kari Koivula. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751373A Eläinten lajintuntemus (4cp) 
Basic identification of animals 
Scope: 7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st  autumn and spring. NNE. 
Objective: Main point of the course is to learn to indentify Finnish animal species (vertebrate) and families (invertebrate) from museum samples. Basics of species’ ecology and classification of organisms. 
Contents: During the autumn semester (18 h lectures, 16 h exercises, exam), the Finnish vertebrate fauna is studied using stuffed museum samples. In the spring semester (2 h lectures, 33 h exercises, exam) the invertebrate taxons (mostly family- or genus-level) common in Finland are studied using museum samples.   
Working methods: 20 h lectures, 48 h exercises, 2 final exams. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Prerequisites: This course is needed for attending courses 751306A and 751307A. 
Study materials: Course handouts, Itämies J. ja Viro P. 1995: Eläinten lajintuntemus, selkärangattomat, 73 p.; Putaala, A., Marjakangas, A. & Rytkönen, S. 2001: Eläinten lajintuntemus, selkärankaiset, 42 p. 
Assessment methods: Two species exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Kari Koivula. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751378A Funktionaalinen eläinekologia (6cp) 
Functional animal ecology 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  spring or M.Sc. 1 st spring. NNE. 
Objective: The aim of the course is to understand the relationship between morphology and function by the means of general ecomorphological model. The student will get both theoretical and practical basics for ecomorphological (and. general scientific) research procedures: scientific hypothesizing, sampling, data analysis and reporting and interpreting the results. 
Contents: The course focuses on the relationship between phenotype and function, especially the correlation between animal morphology and behaviour. The course consists of two parts: A) Lectures in Finnish. However, articles about each subject are available for foreign students, including ecomorphological models and correlations, measurement error, allometry, fluctuating asymmetry and phylogenetic analyses. B) Exercises consisting of miniature studies, field and laboratory work, and seminar. The results of the mini studies, in form of PowerPoint presentations, are presented in the seminar. Before the exercises, students write a home essay (or take an exam). 
Working methods: 12 h lectures, 40 h exercises, seminar and essay or exam. 
Target group: Recommended for ECOe. 
Prerequisites: Recommended 755306A and Basics of statistics I 806109P. 
Assessment methods: Essay or exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. 
Language of instruction: Lectures in Finnish , exercises in Finnish / English. 
 
751384A Vertaileva eläinfysiologia (8cp) 
Comparative animal physiology 
Scope: 8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: After completing the course the student is able to form a general view of the similarities and differences in vital physiological functions between different animal species. The understanding of the regulation mechanisms of these physiological functions will be expanded by practical experiments conducted with several different animal species. 
Contents: Comparative animal physiology will be studied through the central physiological themes (nervous system, muscles, metabolism, thermoregulation, reproduction, circulation). The lectures consist of an introductory lecture on the given subject, and seminars. Physiological, cell physiological, neurophysiological, and histochemical methods are used in practical works related to the above mentioned themes. In the experiments invertebrate animals, frog, birds and mammals, including human being, will be used. 
Working methods: 32 h lectures, 128 h laboratory work, final exam. 
Target group: B.Sc. degree optional to BS or M.Sc. degree compulsory to BSz. 
Prerequisites: 750121P and 751388A or equivalent knowledge. Prerequisite for the course 751635S. 
Study materials: Course handout. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Satu Mänttäri. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751388A Eläinfysiologia (4-8cp) 
Animal physiology 
Scope: 4-8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  spring (lect), 3 rd  autumn (prac). 
Objective: After completing the course the student is able to form a general view of animal body functions, the regulation of organ systems, and the background of human health and diseases.  In addition, the students learn basic methods in animal physiology research. 
Contents: The practical laboratory experiments focus on the basic problematic of physiological themes including nervous system, muscles, circulation, nutrition, metabolism, immune system, hormones and reproduction using the principal physiological methods and computer aided measurements. 
Working methods: 50 h lectures and independent studying, mid-semester exams, home essays (spring) 32 h laboratory, final exam (autumn). 
Target group: Lectures 4 cr compulsory to the biology students. Exercises compulsory BS students. TEAbs exercises 4 cr optional. 
Prerequisites: 750121P or equivalent knowledge. This course is a prerequisite for courses 751x84A/S, 751636S and 751635S. 
Study materials: Chapter Animal Form and Function in Campbell, N. A. & Reece J. B. 2008: Biology, 8 th ed., Benjamin Cummings, New York Inc., 1312 p., handouts and practical work handout of animal physiology. 
Assessment methods: Home essays and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Seppo Saarela. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751393A Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Zoological studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell or Prof. Esa Hohtola.
 
751635S Eläinfysiologian jatkokurssi (8cp) 
Advanced course in animal physiology 
Scope: 8 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  autumn. 
Objective: After completing the course the student is able to plan and execute small physiological research projects as well as analyze, interpret and report the results in scientific format. The course thus trains the student for preparing his/her master’s thesis. 
Contents: The course comprises of 2-3 extensive laboratory exercises that are carried out as small research projects. The exercises can be from any area of physiology. The students will themselves plan the schedule for the experiment, and write the results in the form of a scientific publication. The report will be presented in a concluding seminar either as an oral presentation or poster. 
Working methods: Laboratory work, group meetings, seminar. 
Target group: Compulsory to BSz. 
Prerequisites: 751x84A/S, 750x22A/S or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: The required scientific articles and other material will be distributed during the course. 
Assessment methods: Exercises, reports and final seminar. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751636S Neurobiologia (3cp) 
Neurobiology 
Scope: 3 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. degree.
Objective: Student understands basics of electric function of single nerve cell, nerve and muscle cell nets and synapses. Knows most important nervous system transmitters, is able to build simple  electrophysiological measurement systems and use histochemical methods suitable for nerve tissues.
Contents: During the lectures the students are introduced with different subjects of neurobiology in groups or in pairs. Topics: neurons, neuronal tissues, sensory systems in various animal species and different biotopes. The practical work includes neurobiological and electrophysiological methods and instrumentation, computer models, and histochemical methods.
Working methods: 80 h exercises (lectures included), final exam.
Prerequisites: 751388A or equivalent knowledge.
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola.
Other information: The course will be arranged if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish.

751642S Maastolajintuntemus (2cp) 
Identification of vertebrates in the field 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: After having the course the students have a basic knowledge (a level expected from a professional biologist) about identification of vertebrate animals in the field. 
Contents: Identification exam on birds and mammals in the field. Their natural history: tracks, droppings, nests etc. 
Working methods: Independent learning, field exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to ECOz. 
Assessment methods: Field exam. 
Responsible person: Dr. Kari Koivula. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751648S Vesiselkärangattomien erikoiskurssi (4cp) 
Special course in aquatic invertebrates 
Scope: 2-4 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. Every third year.
Objective: Quantitative research material sampling of benthic invertebrates, identification of the species in various inland waters (mainly stream environments).
Contents: Sampling and  research material training.
Working methods: 20-40 h lectures and exercises (data analysis and reporting).
Target group: The course is primarily aimed at students specialising in the benthic invertebrates; maximum of 8 students admitted.
Prerequisites: Courses 751307A and 754308A.
Study materials: Course material.
Assessment methods: Report.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

751651S Eläinten syventävä lajintuntemus (4-8cp) 
Advanced identification in animals 
Scope: 4-8 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  autumn. 
Objective: Student is able to identify special animal groups or species from museum samples and know the ecology and distribution in Finland. 
Contents: Identification of special animal groups (fishes; amphibian and reptiles; birds; mammals; some group of invertebrates), their ecology and distribution. 
Working methods: Independent study, oral final exam. 
Target group: ECOe. 
Study materials: Suomen eläimet 1-3; Suomen luonto: Linnut; Nisäkkäät; Kalat, Sammakkoeläimet ja matelijat, Koli, L.: Suomen kalat, Siivonen, L. & Sulkava, S.: Pohjolan nisäkkäät or relevant literature in English. 
Assessment methods: Oral exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751654S Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examination on optional topics 
Scope: 2-6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  - 3 rd  or M.Sc. 1 st  -2 nd  year. 
Contents: Examinations on books, which are not compulsory in any other course unit. 
Working methods: Book exam. 
Study materials: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. 
Assessment methods: Book exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola or Prof. Markku Orell. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751657S Vertaileva endokrinologia (3cp) 
Comparative endocrinology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1st spring. 
Objective: Student understands transmittance of hormonal effects, knows most important endocrine glands, hormones, chemical structure of hormones and structural evolution, knows most important effects of hormones and is able to describe the hormonal regulation of vital functions. 
Contents: Structure, function and regulation of the endocrine glands in vertebrates. See http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/ve. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, essays, final exam. 
Target group: BS, ECO and TEA: optional. Arranged every second year with the course 755x11A/S if resources allow. 
Study materials: Hadley M. E. 2000: Endocrinology, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, 585 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place every other year if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751660S Hyönteiskokoelman laatiminen (2-6cp) 
Preparation of an insect collection 
Scope: 2-6 cr / 100 species = 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Preparation (including labels) and identification of self-collected insects. 
Contents: Preparation of a collection on one insect order. The specimens have to be preserved adequately, identified and provided with labels. In consultation with the responsible teacher. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Jouni Aspi. 
 
751666S Eläinten käyttäytyminen (5cp) 
Animal behaviour 
Scope: 5 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd  spring, M.Sc. 1 st spring.
Objective: To understand basic principles of animal behaviour in an evolutionary ecology contest.
Contents: The basics of behavioural ecology of animals. Lecture topics: Animal foraging, predator-pray interactions, mating systems, and social behaviour. Seminars are based on the latest research results.
Working methods: 30 h lectures, seminars, final exam.
Target group: B.Sc. degree optional to ECO, M.Sc. degree compulsory to ECOz.
Study materials: Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N.B. (1993) An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, 4 th edition, Oxford: Blackwell. Viitala, J, (2005): Vapaasta tahdosta? Käyttäytymisen evolutiivinen perusta. 2005. Atena.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Arja  Kaitala.
Language of instruction: Finnish.

751668S Riistaeläinekologia (3.5-6cp) 
Wildlife management and game animal ecology 
Scope: 7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. NNE. 
Objective: After carrying out the study module the student will be able to recognize special ecological traits of the game animals and relate them to the general ecological framework. The student will be also to appraise the basics of durable hunting of game animals. The student will be also able to appraise the basics of durable hunting of game animals and critically judge different wildlife management methods from the scientific starting point. 
Contents: The ecology of game species, their life histories, population dynamics and predator-prey relationships. Hunting ecology: man as predator, management and hunting of the game species. The impact of forestry on the game species’ populations. Students are also introduced to wildlife management in practice and to the social aspect of wildlife-human relationship. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, one-day excursion to a game breeding area, seminar with written reports and final exam. 
Assessment methods: Seminar with report and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Jouni Aspi, Dr. Kari Koivula. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751674S Porobiologia (3cp) 
Reindeer biology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  autumn. Odd numbered years. 
Objective: After completing the course the student is able to apply his/her knowledge in basic studies in biology to understand special adaptive traits in the ecology (pastureland ecology) and physiology (development and growth) of semi-domesticated reindeer in the arctic habitats. In the course the student gets updated information on reindeer husbandry and the legislation. In addition to the student is able to attach great value to reindeer not only as a biological but also its importance for society of northern latitudes. 
Contents: Special topics are focused on the ecology and physiology of the reindeer, its development, growth and health in the wild, and its Adaptation to present conditions of reindeer husbandry. Legislation of reindeer husbandry. Students have to pass a book exam in advance to be accepted to this course. 
Working methods: 8 h lectures, 20 h exercises, literature, final exam. 
Study materials: Book exam before the course: Huttu-Hiltunen, V., Nieminen, M., Valmari, A. & Westerling, B. 1993: Porotalous. Opetushallitus, 220 p. and Nieminen, M.1994: Poro, ruumiinrakenne ja elintoiminnat, 169 p., or relevant literature in English. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell and Prof. Seppo Saarela. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751678S Funktionaalinen eläinekologia (6cp) 
Functional animal ecology 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  spring or M.Sc. 1 st spring. NNE. 
Objective: The aim of the course is to understand the relationship between morphology and function by the means of general ecomorphological model. The student will get both theoretical and practical basics for ecomorphological (and. general scientific) research procedures: scientific hypothesizing, sampling, data analysis and reporting and interpreting the results. 
Contents: The course focuses on the relationship between phenotype and function, especially the correlation between animal morphology and behaviour. The course consists of two parts: A) Lectures in Finnish. However, articles about each subject are available for foreign students, including ecomorphological models and correlations, measurement error, allometry, fluctuating asymmetry and phylogenetic analyses. B) Exercises consisting of miniature studies, field and laboratory work, and seminar. The results of the mini studies, in form of PowerPoint presentations, are presented in the seminar. Before the exercises, students write a home essay (or take an exam). 
Working methods: 12 h lectures, 40 h exercises, seminar and essay or exam. 
Target group: Recommended for ECOe. 
Prerequisites: Recommended 755306A and Basics of statistics I 806109P. 
Assessment methods: Essay or exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. 
Language of instruction: Lectures in Finnish , exercises in Finnish / English. 
 
751684S Vertaileva eläinfysiologia (8cp) 
Comparative animal physiology 
Scope: 8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: After completing the course the student is able to form a general view of the similarities and differences in vital physiological functions between different animal species. The understanding of the regulation mechanisms of these physiological functions will be expanded by practical experiments conducted with several different animal species. 
Contents: Comparative animal physiology will be studied through the central physiological themes (nervous system, muscles, metabolism, thermoregulation, reproduction, circulation). The lectures consist of an introductory lecture on the given subject, and seminars. Physiological, cell physiological, neurophysiological, and histochemical methods are used in practical works related to the above mentioned themes. In the experiments invertebrate animals, frog, birds and mammals, including human being, will be used. 
Working methods: 32 h lectures, 128 h laboratory work, final exam. 
Target group: B.Sc. degree optional to BS or M.Sc. degree compulsory to BSz. 
Prerequisites: 750121P and 751388A or equivalent knowledge. Prerequisite for the course 751635S. 
Study materials: Course handout. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Satu Mänttäri. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
751690S Eläintieteen erikoisluento (2-4cp) 
Lectures on special topics in zoology 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: The topics are announced on the notice board. 
Target group: Optional to BSz and ECOz. 
Responsible person: Professors and docents. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
751693S Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Zoological studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell or Prof. Esa Hohtola.
 
751699S Syventävien aineiden loppukuulustelu (10-20cp) 
Final examination in zoology 
Scope: 10 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. 
Objective: TEAz and BSz student will understand profoundly certain (usually related to the pro gradu thesis) animal physiology’s methods, results and theories. TEAz  and ECOz student will understand profoundly animal ecology’s essential methods, results and theories.
Contents: Examination on selected literature of a specific subject. 
Working methods: Final exam. 
Target group: TEAz, ECOz and BSz: compulsory. 
Study materials: A list of literature can be found on the notice board. The literature has to be agreed upon with the professor in advance. 
Assessment methods: Final exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola or Prof. Markku Orell. 
 
752175P Ympäristöekologia (5cp) 
Environmental ecology 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: Spring. 
Objective: After finishing the course student understands the ecological background of most important environmental questions and has knowledge to apply this to decision making in environmental problems. 
Contents: Ecological basics of nature conservation. Effects of physical and chemical environment on living organisms, basics of population ecology, communities and ecosystems. Environmental changes and how species can adapt to them. World wide environmental problems and actions to solve them are studied within the course. Special environmental questions in Finland and in Europe. 
Working methods: 28 h lectures, 18 h exercises (seminars), final exam. 
Study materials: Jarvis, P. J. 2000: Ecological Principles and Environmental Issues. Prentice Hall. 303 p.; Chiras, D.D. 2001: Environmental Science 6 th edition. Jones and Bartlett  Publishers 730p. 
Assessment methods: Report and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752186P Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja () 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Botanical studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman or Prof. Satu  Huttunen. 
 
752300A Kasviekologia (7cp)
Plant ecology
Scope: 7 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 2nd autumn. NNE.
Objective:
Contents: The main subject of this course is the heterogeneity of environment and the capacity of plants to adapt flexibly to different light and nutrient conditions. For carbon economy the main questions are variation in photosynthetic potential, extrinsic factors which restrict the photosynthesis and the structural and physiological adaptations to different light conditions. Nutrient economy is not only dependent on the soil of the habitat but also on the capacity of plant to change the ions from the surface of soil particles. Symbiosis has a great importance on nutrient economy of boreal plants. The balance between benefits and costs defines whether the symbiosis with the nitrogen fixation bacteria or with mycorrhizal fungi is beneficial for the plant or not. There is competition between plants for soil nutrients and for light. How is it possible that plants competing for the same basic nutrients can live in the same habitat? Isn’t the niche theory valid for plants?
Working methods: 34 h lectures and final exam, 40 h demonstrations and exercises in field and laboratory, 12 h seminars on the literature of plant ecology; 4 h final seminars.
Target group: Compulsory to ECO.
Prerequisites: 750124P and 752304A, or equivalent knowledge.
Assessment methods: Lecture exam, laboratory diary and seminar presentation.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi (lectures) and Dr. Kari Taulavuori (exercises).
Language of instruction: Lectures Finnish, Exercises Finnish / English.
 
752303A Kasvien lajintuntemus (2-3cp) 
Identification of plant species 
Scope: 2-3,5 cr. NNE. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st  autumn. 
Objective: Student is able to identify most common boreal plant species in herbarium specimens. 
Contents: Demonstrations (20 h) and/or independent study of ca. 350 vascular plants, mosses and lichens in the boreal vegetation zone. 3.5 cr. without the literature in the exam and 2 cr. with the literature in the exam. 
Working methods: 20 h demonstrations, final exam. 
Target group: 3 cr compulsory to TEA and ECO, 2 cr compulsory to BS. 
Prerequisites: Course is prerequisite for the Field course in ecological botany. 
Study materials: Booklet Hanhela, P. & Halonen, P. 1995: Plant Identification. 
Assessment methods: Species exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752304A Kasvitieteen kenttäkurssi (5cp) 
Field course in ecological botany 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st  summer. NNE. 
Objective: Student is able to identify most common boreal plant species in the field, to plan and conduct ecological field experiments and use basic methods in vegetation analyses. 
Contents: Primary vegetation succession in the coast of Bothnian Bay (4 op) and basics of boreal forest and mire vegetation classification and types at Oulanka Research Station (4 op). 
Working methods: Lectures 16 h (6 h in Oulu), field demonstrations and excursions 110 h. Field exams for plant identification and mire ecology. Seminars, reports. 
Target group: Compulsory (5 cr) to ECO and TEAeco, alternatively compulsory to TEAbs (at least 9 cr compulsory, two field courses, one animal and other botany field course). 
Prerequisites: 752303A 3 cr or equivalent knowledge. This course is a prerequisite for courses 752300A, 752692S and 752642S. 
Study materials: Handout: Hanhela, P. & Halonen, P. 1995: Kasvien peruslajintuntemus; Huttunen, A: 1995: Johdatus metsä- ja suotyyppeihin: Kangas- ja lehtometsät; Eurola, S., Huttunen, A. & Kukko-oja, K. 1995: Suokasvillisuusopas. Oulanka Reports 14. 85 p.; Eurola, S., et al. 1992: Suokasviopas. Oulanka Reports 11. 205 p.; Hämet- Ahti, et al. 1998 (or previous edition): Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsinki. 656 p.; Eurola, S., Hicks, S. and Kaakinen, H. 1994: Key to Finnish mire types, pp. 12-117 in: Moore, P. D. (ed.), 1994 European mires, London Academic Press, London, 367 p., 
Assessment methods: Reports, field exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752305A Etelä-Suomen ja ulkomaan retkeily (4-7cp) 
Excursion to Southern Finland or Abroad 
Scope: 4-7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. 
Objective: Learn to know some features of flora, vegetation and natural conditions outside the Oulu region. 
Contents: Field excursion. 
Working methods: Demonstrations, field exercises, final exam. 
Prerequisites: 752303A and 752304A or equivalent knowledge. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish.

KURSSIKUVAUKSET YHDISTETTÄVÄ LUENTOJEN OSALTA UUDEKSI OPINTOJAKSOKSI (NIMI EHDOTUS, SITÄ VOI MUOKATA) 752309A Kasvien evoluutio ja systematiikka, luennot (3op) + 755306A Eläinten evoluutio, systematiikka ja rakenne LUENTO-OSUUS= 

7503xxA Eliökunnan evoluutio, systematiikka ja rakenne (5 op)
Evolution, systematics and structure of organisms
 
Scope: 5 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd autumn.
Objective: 
Markon teksti Students will learn a general picture of the diversity of plants and several other kingdoms as well as to understand evolutionary history of plants.
Arjan teksti To understand basics of the evolution of animal kingdom, evolution of structural innovations and principles of systematics.
Contents: 
Markon teksti The course provides an insight into the evolution plants and evolutionary processes reflected by the systematic classification of the plant kingdom. Moreover, many other kingdoms (e.g. Fungi, Bacteria and Stramenopila) and their diversity are highlighted. Also basic principles and concepts of systematics and classification are presented.
Arjan teksti Evolution history of animals, basics of systematics, relationships, the structure of animals and their organs in different invertebrate and vertebrate classes. 
Working methods: ? h lectures.
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students.
Study materials: Literature: Handouts: Eskelinen, A., Taulavuori, K., Kauppi, M., Kauppi, A. & Markkola, A. 2008. 752309 Kasvien evoluutio ja systematiikka: itiöllisten eliöiden rakenne ja elinkierrot, Oulun yliopisto, and Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. 1999: Siemenkasvien järjestelmä ja luokittelun perusteet, 75209. - Oulun yliopiston kasvitieteen monisteita, Biologian laitos, Oulu. Supplementary reading: Bell, P.R. & Helmsley, A.R. 2000: Green Plants. Their origin and diversity. 2 nd ed. Cambridge University Press., Willis, K.J. & McElwain, J.C. 2002: The evolution of plants. Oxford University Press., Rikkinen, J. 1999: Leviä, sieniä ja leväsieniä, johdatus levien ja sienten monimuotoisuuteen. Yliopistopaino, Helsinki. 194 p. Hickman, C, P. et al.  (2009). Animal Diversity, 5.edition, McGraw Hill New York.
Assessment methods: Lecture exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Arja Kaitala and Dr. Marko Hyvärinen.
Language of instruction: Finnish.
 
7553XXA Eläinten systematiikka ja rakenne, harjoitukset (4op) 
Animal systematics and morphology, practicals 
Scope: 4 cr
Objective: To understand basics of the evolution of animal kingdom, evolution of structural innovations and principles of systematics.
Contents: Evolution history of animals, basics of systematics, relationships, the structure of animals and their organs in different invertebrate and vertebrate classes. Practical work deals with reviews to structural characters and animal dissecting. 
Working methods: 36 h compulsory exercises (preparations and demonstrations), lecture and exercises final exams. 
Target group: Compulsory for ECO, optional for TEAeco. 
Study materials: A course booklet (in Finnish) can be bought from biology office. Hickman, C, P. et al.  (2009). Animal Diversity, 5.edition, McGraw Hill New York. 
Assessment methods: Exercises exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Arja Kaitala. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 

752316A Sienikurssi (3cp) 
Macro fungi 
Scope: 3 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. NNE.
Objective: Student is able to identify most common macrofungal species as fresh specimens and knows basics of fungal ecology.
Contents: Demonstrations of macrofungi in the field, basics of identification, ecology and distribution.
Working methods: 14 h lectures, 25 h exercises (including excursions), independent study in fresh identification exam on fresh specimens, final exam.
Target group: TEAeco: compulsory.
Study materials: Course handout, Salo, P. and Nummela-Salo, U. 2002: Sienikurssi (752316). Toinen uusittu painos. Lajiesittelyt. Biologian laitoksen monisteita 2/2002, 41 p. and mushroom guides.
Assessment methods: Species exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

752321A Luonnon monimuotoisuuden suojelu (3cp) 
Conservation of biodiversity 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd  autumn. NNE. 
Objective: Students know the central concepts of biodiversity, threads to biodiversity, and methods of conservation of biodiversity. 
Contents: Biodiversity and its components. Major theories of the ecological control of biodiversity. Habitat fragmentation and habitat destruction and their consequences. Metapopulation theory and networks of nature reserves. Current issues in the conservation of biodiversity.   
Working methods: 14 h lectures, literature, final exam. 
Study materials: Hanski I. 2005: The Shrinking World. International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
752322A Ilman epäpuhtauksien kasvillisuusvaikutukset (4cp) 
Effects of air pollutants on plants 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd  or M.Sc. 1 st  autumn. Every second autumn (odd numbered years). NNE. 
Objective: After doing this course student understands the main sources of air pollutants and mechanisms of  transport  and transformation  and recognizes ecological effects of plant responses in most important ecosystems and cultivated plants. Student can evaluate risks of air pollution and climate change and know the most important air quality monitoring and research methods. 
Contents: The lectures deal with sources, emissions, dispersal and transport of primary air pollutants, and conversion of secondary air pollutants, and the removal of air pollutants from the atmosphere. Air quality control, air protection measures and basic concepts, legislation and administration are included. Environmental impact of air pollutants and their ecological significance, the effects of different air pollutants on mosses, lichens and higher plants are studied. The course initiates into the mostly used air quality monitoring methods, bioindicator methods and diagnostics of plant damage caused by air pollutants. The course includes a small research work about the effects of air pollutants on plants. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 35 h exercises and seminars, final exam. 
Study materials: AMAP Assessment 2006: Acidifying Pollutants, Arctic Haze, and Acidification in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. XII + 112pp. Bell JNB & Trehow M (eds.) 2002. Air pollution and plant life. Wiley. 2nd edition. 480 pages. Course and lecture handouts. 
Assessment methods: Report and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752337A Kasvimorfologian perusteet (2-4cp) 
Basic course in plant morphology 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: To learn the basic structure of root, root, leaf and reproductive organs and to understand the development towards more complex structures in the plant kingdom. Basic terms used in plant morphology are introduced. 
Contents: Organology and morphology of shoot plants including transformation of organs and adaptation to different tasks. General survey of plant tissues and anatomical structure of organs. Exercises gives a picture of plants’ diversity and what kind of different structure modification plants have in order to adapt to the different habitats. 
Working methods: 16 h independent studying and exam (2 cr), which is prerequisite for the 30 h exercises (2 cr). 
Target group: Lectures and exercises (4 cr) compulsory to BS. Lectures 2 cr compulsory to ECO and TEA 
Study materials: Lecture material, course handout and supplementary reading Mauseth, J.D.: Botany. An Introduction to Plant Biology (parts). 
Assessment methods: Two exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752345A Funktionaalisen kasvibiologian perusteet (4-9cp) 
Basics of plant physiology 
Scope: 4-9 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd spring. 
Objective: Understand the function and regulation of plant cells and individuals. 
Contents: The most important phenomena of plant life, like photosynthesis, enzyme kinetics, nitrogen metabolism, function of cell membranes and so on are learned. In the laboratory, students have exercises in basic methods of plant physiology and in reporting their results in written form. 
Working methods: 28 h lectures and final exam (4 cr), 45 h laboratory exercises with preliminary exam and reports (3 cr.) 
Target group: BS: compulsory 9 cr. TEAbs: compulsory lectures 4 cr, exercises optional. ECO and TEAeco: compulsory lectures 4 cr. Students from other degree can take the lectures 4 cr. 
Prerequisites: 750121P or equivalent knowledge and course 752337A help to follow this course. This course is a prerequisite for course 752682S. 
Study materials: Course handout, Taiz, L. & Zeigler, E. 2006: Plant Physiology (3rd ed. or newer) Sinauer Ass., Sunderland Mass. 
Assessment methods: Lectures and exam, exercises, reports. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola and Dr. Anna Maria Mattila. 
Language of instruction: Lectures in Finnish, exercises in English if needed. 
 
752352A Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examination in optional topics 
Scope: 2-6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  - 3 rd  or M.Sc. 1 st  -2 nd  year. 
Contents: Examinations on books, which are not compulsory in any other course unit. 
Working methods: Book exam. 
Study materials: BT: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. ECO: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. For example Körner 1999: Alpine Plant Life, Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag (2 op) ja Pohjoinen luontomme http://www.oulu.fi/northnature/Northnature.html (2 cr.) 
Assessment methods: Book exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or prof. Hely Häggman. 
 
752359A Metsätalouden kasviekologia (3.5cp) 
Plant ecology and forestry 
Scope: 3,5 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd or 3 rd  spring.
Objective: Student learns main characters of forestry and forest sites, environmental impacts of forestry and is able to use the knowledge in different habitat inventory and mapping.
Contents: Structure of forests, growth of forest trees and succession in different forest types. Introduction to methods in forest management. Ecological specialities of northern areas and sustainable use of natural resources.
Working methods: 18 h lectures, field excursion in May, and final exam.
Study materials: Metsätalouden ympäristöopas. Metsähallitus 1997, 130 p.; Snellman, V. (ed.) 1994: Tutkimus metsien kestävän käytön perustana. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 253, 192 p.; Meriluoto, M. ja Soininen, T. 1998: Metsäluonnon arvokkaat elinympäristöt. Metsälehti Kustannus, 192 p. or Environmental Guidelines to Practical Forest Management. Metsähallitus 1998, 124 p. and other relevant literature in English.
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Eero Kubin.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

752362A Kasvikokoelman laatiminen (2-6cp) 
Botanical collection 
Scope: 2-6 cr., 100 species = 2 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Preparation (including labels) and identification of self-collected botanical specimens. 
Contents: The collection may contain solely vascular plants or together with moss and lichen specimens, for instance. 
Working methods: Vascular plants have to be pressed and dried. The samples have to be in folded paper or small box including the name and place tag. Before starting the collection work student has to consult the teacher. 100 plant species correspond to 2 credits. 
Prerequisites: 752303A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998: Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland), Ed. 4. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki. 656 pp., and other field floras. 
Assessment methods: Botanical collection is reviewed by teacher before acceptance. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Pekka  Halonen. 
 
752386A Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Botanical studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman or Prof. Satu  Huttunen.
 
752388A Kasvien solukkoviljelyn perusteet (5cp) 
Basics of plant tissue culture 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: The course aims to help students learn to basic plant tissue culture concepts, to establish tissue culture systems and to understand totipotency.   
Contents: Preparation of culture media and establishment of sterile cultures starting from different plant organs and tissues. Cytodifferentiation and viability tests are also included in the course. Students are able to follow how plant hormones determine the differentiation of tissues. 
Working methods: 8 h lectures, 45 h demonstrations and exercises, literature work, seminar. 
Target group: B.Sc. degree BS: optional,  M.Sc. degree BSb: compulsory. 
Study materials: Course handout and chapters 7-12 from the book: Collin, H. A. & Edwards, S. 1998: Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publ. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752394A Hyötykasvit (3cp) 
Economic plants 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd autumn. 
Objective: After doing this course student knows the history, geography and current use of the most important nutritional and other economic plants. Students can apply their knowledge to commercial and industrial plant products. Student knows the principals of the nomenclature of cultivated plants and is able to deepen the knowledge. 
Contents: There are almost 10 000 vascular plants with economic significance, including the most essential food plants: corns, tea, coffee, oil plants, sugar plants and fibre plants. Lectures contain origin, history, significance and the future of the economic plants and their meaning for the world economics. In lectures and exhibitions the most valuable economic plants, including cultivated plants, medicinal plants and herbs, are presented. Topics: The horticulture, park construction, landscaping, use of natural plants and development and research. 
Working methods: 14 h lectures, literature, exhibits, book exam, final exam. 
Target group: Recommended for all students in botany. 
Prerequisites: Connected to course 756311A but can also be taken separately. 
Study materials: Rousi, A. 1997: Auringonkukasta viiniköynnökseen - ravintokasvit. WSOY, Porvoo. Helsinki. Juva, 390 s.; Rautavaara T.: Hyötykasvit värikuvina 208 s.; Wiersema J.H. & Leon, B. 1999: World Economic Plants. A Standard Reference. CRC Press, 749 s. Sauer J.D. 1994: Historical Geography of Crop Plants. A select Roster, CRC Press USA, 309 s. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu  Huttunen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752605S Etelä-Suomen ja ulkomaan retkeily (4-7cp) 
Excursion to Southern Finland or Abroad 
Scope: 4-7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. 
Objective: Learn to know some features of flora, vegetation and natural conditions outside the Oulu region. 
Contents: Field excursion. 
Working methods: Demonstrations, field exercises, final exam. 
Prerequisites: 752303A and 752304A or equivalent knowledge. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752608S Kasvien syvennetty lajintuntemus I (6cp) 
Advanced identification of plant species I 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year, M.Sc. 1 st year. 
Objective: Advanced identification of the vascular plants of Finland. 
Contents:   Independent studying of herbarium samples. Distribution types of plants in Fennoscandia excluding the Russian parts. 
Working methods:   Independent studying of herbarium samples. The course could be examined in two parts: 1) monocots, 2) ferns, dicots and distributions. 
Prerequisites: 752303A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998: Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland), Ed. 4. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki. 656 p. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Pekka Halonen. 
 
752609S Kasvien evoluutio ja systematiikka, harjoitukset (4cp) 
Plant evolution and systematics, exercises 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. Cryptogams in spring and spermatophyte in autumn. 
Objective: Students will learn a general picture of the diversity of plants and several other kingdoms as well as to understand evolutionary history of plants. 
Contents: The course provides an insight into the evolution plants and evolutionary processes reflected by the systematic classification of the plant kingdom. Moreover, many other kingdoms (e.g. Fungi, Bacteria and Stramenopila) and their diversity are highlighted. The practicals concentrate on the structure of plants, fungi and algae as well as their life cycles. 
Working methods: 28 h exercises spring semester (cryptogams, 2 cr). 30 h exercises autumn semester (spermatophyte, 2 cr.); independen studying with the handout. 
Target group: M.Sc., compulsory to ECOb and BSb. 
Study materials: Literature: Handouts: Eskelinen, A., Taulavuori, K., Kauppi, M., Kauppi, A. & Markkola, A. 2008. 752309 Kasvien evoluutio ja systematiikka: itiöllisten eliöiden rakenne ja elinkierrot, Oulun yliopisto, and Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. 1999: Siemenkasvien järjestelmä ja luokittelun perusteet, 75209. - Oulun yliopiston kasvitieteen monisteita, Biologian laitos, Oulu. Supplementary reading: Bell, P.R. & Helmsley, A.R. 2000: Green Plants. Their origin and diversity. 2 nd ed. Cambridge University Press., Willis, K.J. & McElwain, J.C. 2002: The evolution of plants. Oxford University Press., Rikkinen, J. 1999: Leviä, sieniä ja leväsieniä, johdatus levien ja sienten monimuotoisuuteen. Yliopistopaino, Helsinki. 194 p. 
Assessment methods: Two course exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752616S Sienikurssi (3cp) 
Macro fungi 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. NNE. 
Objective: Student is able to identify most common macrofungal species as fresh specimens and knows basics of fungal ecology. 
Contents: Demonstrations of macrofungi in the field, basics of identification, ecology and distribution. 
Working methods: 14 h lectures, 25 h exercises (including excursions), independent study in fresh identification exam on fresh specimens, final exam. 
Target group: TEAeco: compulsory. 
Study materials: Course handout, Salo, P. and Nummela-Salo, U. 2002: Sienikurssi (752316). Toinen uusittu painos. Lajiesittelyt. Biologian laitoksen monisteita 2/2002, 41 p. and mushroom guides. 
Assessment methods: Species exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752622S Ilman epäpuhtauksien kasvillisuusvaikutukset (4cp) 
Effects of air pollutants on plants 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd  or M.Sc. 1 st  autumn. Every second autumn (odd numbered years). NNE. 
Objective: After doing this course student understands the main sources of air pollutants and mechanisms of  transport  and transformation  and recognizes ecological effects of plant responses in most important ecosystems and cultivated plants. Student can evaluate risks of air pollution and climate change and know the most important air quality monitoring and research methods. 
Contents: The lectures deal with sources, emissions, dispersal and transport of primary air pollutants, and conversion of secondary air pollutants, and the removal of air pollutants from the atmosphere. Air quality control, air protection measures and basic concepts, legislation and administration are included. Environmental impact of air pollutants and their ecological significance, the effects of different air pollutants on mosses, lichens and higher plants are studied. The course initiates into the mostly used air quality monitoring methods, bioindicator methods and diagnostics of plant damage caused by air pollutants. The course includes a small research work about the effects of air pollutants on plants. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 35 h exercises and seminars, final exam. 
Study materials: AMAP Assessment 2006: Acidifying Pollutants, Arctic Haze, and Acidification in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. XII + 112pp. Bell JNB & Trehow M (eds.) 2002. Air pollution and plant life. Wiley. 2nd edition. 480 pages. Course and lecture handouts. 
Assessment methods: Report and final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752625S Syvennetty lajintuntemus II (5-8cp) 
Advanced identification of plant species 
Scope: 5-8 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. 
Objective: Identification of systematically or ecologically limited groups. For example macrofungi, mosses, lichens, phytoplankton, aquatic, shore, forest, meadow, peatland or fell plants, species of primeval forest and macroscopic plant remains. 
Contents: Identification of systematically or ecologically limited groups  from herbarium samples and preparates. Lichens 8 cr., others 5 cr. 
Working methods: Independent studying of herbarium samples or preparations, species exam. 
Prerequisites: 752303A or equivalent knowledge. 
Assessment methods: Species exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Pekka Halonen. 
 
752642S Tunturiekologian kurssi (4cp) 
Field course in Arctic-Alpine ecology and vegetation 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: Every second year at the Kilpisjärvi biological station. 
Objective: By passing this course a student is able to identify plant and animal species, nature types, vegetation of NW Fennoscandian mountain areas, understand ecology of northern ecosystems, ecological interactions and adaptation. Advanced training in experimental and observational field research. 
Contents: Arctic-alpine ecosystems as one the main biomes of the world. Plant and animal species of arctic-alpine areas. Vegetation and ecology of NW Fennoscandian mountain areas. Plant-herbivore interactions in tundra ecosystems. 
Working methods: Field course. 
Target group: Students of ecology, B.Sc. 2nd, 3rd autumn or M.Sc. 1st, 2nd autumn. 
Prerequisites: 752304A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Disseminated during course, internet resources. Literature on arctic-alpine ecosystems. 
Assessment methods: Field course, field exercise. Planning of the study, field work and analyzing data. Making a report with reference to scientific literature. Oral presentation of the study (Power Point). 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Risto Virtanen. 
Other information: Arranged with cooperation of the University of Joensuu. The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752652S Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examinations on optional topics 
Scope: 2-6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  - 3 rd  or M.Sc. 1 st  -2 nd  year. 
Contents: Examinations on books, which are not compulsory in any other course unit. 
Working methods: Book exam. 
Study materials: BT: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. ECO: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. For example Körner 1999: Alpine Plant Life, Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag (2 op) ja Pohjoinen luontomme http://www.oulu.fi/northnature/Northnature.html (2 cr.)
Assessment methods: Book exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or prof. Hely Häggman. 
 
752653S Kasvipatologia (4cp) 
Plant pathology 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. Every second year (even numbered years). 
Objective: After finishing the course student has knowledge on most important plant diseases and epidemics, and student is able to apply basic plant pathology diagnostics. 
Contents: The most important abiotic and biotic plant diseases and their ecology. During the lectures and exercises, students become familiar with the main diseases of woody plants (forest pathology), agricultural, garden and wild plants. New research methods, disease diagnosis and plant protection aspects are studied and discussed. 
Working methods: 14 h lectures, 18 h exercises (demonstrations included), display and final exam. 
Study materials: Valkonen, J., Bremer, K. & Tapio, E. 1996: Kasvi sairastaa - oppi kasvitaudeista. Yliopistopaino. Helsinki University Press. 179 p.; Agrios, G.N. 1997: Plant Pathology 4 th edition 633p. Academic Press. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752656S Kasvi- ja sienitaksonomian ja ekologian kurssi (2-4cp) 
Taxonomy and ecology of plants 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. See announcements at the notice board of the department. 
Objective: By passing this course a student is able to identify species of the given taxonomic group, understand the ecology of the species, and know their distribution and systematic position. 
Contents: A laboratory or field course. Species identification by means of macroscopic or microscopic characters. Making a collection of specimens, sampling and handling of the material. Preparation of herbarium specimens. Field instruction on species mapping and quantitative approach. Species’ characters (morphological and chemical). Inventory methods on red listed species. Alternative themes (lichens, polypores and other fungi, and bryophytes). 
Working methods: Demonstrations, identification exercises and field exercises. 
Target group: Students of plant ecology. 
Prerequisites: 752303A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Material given in the course. 
Assessment methods: Species exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Botanical museum. 
Other information: Course subject vary (lichens, polypore and other fungi, bryophytes). 
 
752662S Kasvikokoelman laatiminen (2-6cp) 
Botanical collection 
Scope: 2-6 cr, 100 species = 2 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Preparation (including labels) and identification of self-collected botanical specimens. 
Contents: The collection may contain solely vascular plants or together with moss and lichen specimens, for instance. 
Working methods: Vascular plants have to be pressed and dried. The samples have to be in folded paper or small box including the name and place tag. Before starting the collection work student has to consult the teacher. 100 plant species correspond to 2 credits. 
Prerequisites: 752303A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998: Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland), Ed. 4. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki. 656 pp., and other field floras. 
Assessment methods: Botanical collection is reviewed by teacher before acceptance. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Kasvimuseo. 
 
752667S Kasviekologian erikoisopintojakso (2-5cp) 
Special topics in plant ecology 
Scope: 2-5 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. 
Contents: Subject varies every year and will be announced separately. 
Responsible person: Professors and docents. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752672S Kasvien kartoitus (2-5cp) 
Distribution mapping of plants 
Scope: 2-5 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year.
Contents: Subject varies every year and will be announced separately.
Responsible person: Professors and docents.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

752677S Ranta- ja vesikasvillisuus (3.5cp) 
Aquatic and littoral vegetation 
Scope: 3,5 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  autumn.
Objective: The student will learn to identify a selection of aquatic and littoral plant species, and some features of their ecological requirements.
Contents: Littoral and aquatic vascular plants, bryophytes and macro algae.
Working methods: 10 h lectures, 26 h exercises, field excursions around Oulu, literature, final exam.
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish.

752682S Molekulaarisen kasvifysiologian jatkokurssi (4-9cp) 
Advanced cource in molecular plant physiology 
Scope: 9 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd autumn, every second year.
Objective: The student will be familiarized and understands how gene expression affects plant development and metabolism, learns both holistic and specific methods to study gene expression and is able to evaluate and analyze the reliability of the data achieved. The student will also be familiar with the most recent literature of the field.
Contents: Due to the new sequencing technologies the amount of sequence data will increase rapidly. The course will focus on gene expression and especially on regulation of gene expression (transcription factors, RNAi, microRNAs, genome level regulation, histone acetylation, and methylation). Research methods at transcriptome. Proteome and metabolome level will be included as well as qualitative and quantitative methods both at single gene level but also at global level. The laboratory course will include some of these studies. The seminars will familiarize the students on the most recent literature.
Working methods: 30 h lectures and seminar, 68 h exercises (demonstrations included), reports, final exam.
Target group: BSb: compulsory.
Prerequisites: 752345A or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials: Buchanan, Gruissern, Jones 2000: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. Courier Companies Inc. 1367 p. (parts of the book), lecture handouts and literature given during the course.
Responsible person: Prof.  Hely Häggman and Prof. Anja Hohtola.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

752686S Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Botanical studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman or Prof. Satu  Huttunen.
 
752688S Kasvien solukkoviljelyn perusteet (5cp) 
Basic of plant tissue culture 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd or M.Sc. 1 st autumn. 
Objective: The course aims to help students learn to basic plant tissue culture concepts, to establish tissue culture systems and to understand totipotency.   
Contents: Preparation of culture media and establishment of sterile cultures starting from different plant organs and tissues. Cytodifferentiation and viability tests are also included in the course. Students are able to follow how plant hormones determine the differentiation of tissues. 
Working methods: 8 h lectures, 45 h demonstrations and exercises, literature work, seminar. 
Target group: Optional to BS in the B.Sc. degree, compulsory to BSb in the M.Sc. degree. 
Study materials: Course handout and chapters 7-12 from the book: Collin, H. A. & Edwards, S. 1998: Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publ. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752691S Erikoisopintojakso/Kasvien signaalinvälitys (2-4cp) 
Special course/Signal transduction in plants 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  or 2 nd  spring. 
Objective: The student knows the basic mechanisms and components involved in signal transduction. She / he is also able to read and understand the plant signal transduction pathways not covered during the course. 
Contents: The course will cover the basics of plant signal transduction and also some specific examples such as light induced signal transduction, plant hormones as signalling molecules, signalling to regulate functioning of stomata and plant developmental biology or biological interactions related signalling. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, independent work, presentations, workshops. 
Target group: Suitable for BS subject majors and ecophysiologists. 
Prerequisites: 752345A, 756332A and lectures of 752682S or equivalent knowledge helps in following the course. 
Study materials: Parts from book: Buchanan, Gruissern, Jones 2000: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. Courier Companies Inc. 1367 s. and other literature provided during the course. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
752692S Suokurssi (4cp) 
Mire ecology 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: Every second year at the Oulanka research station. 
Objective: By passing this course a student is able to identify plant species (bryophytes and vascular plants), mire types, vegetation of boreal  areas, species indicator values, determine mire types, interpret ecology of mire systems and make inventories on mire landscapes. 
Contents: Plant species (bryophytes and vascular plants), mire types, vegetation of boreal areas. Regional patterns in mire vegetation, mire types and underlying ecological gradients. Mire hydrotopography and peat stratigraphy. Red list status of mire vegetation. 
Working methods: Field course, field exercises. Mapping exercises and reporting the results. 
Target group: B.Sc. 2 nd autumn or M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd autumn. Students of plant ecology. 
Prerequisites: 752304A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: To be announced. 
Assessment methods: Mire type and species exams. 
Grading: Mire types and species exam. 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Risto Virtanen. 
Other information: Organised together with the University of Joensuu. The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
752695S Erikoisseminaari (2cp) 
Seminar on special topics in botany
Scope: 2 cr.
Timing: M.Sc., Ph.D. degree.
Contents: Current special problems in botany. Lectures by specialists and latest literature. Topics vary every year.
Target group: BSb and ECOb.
Responsible person: Professors and docents.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.
 
752699S Kuulustelu (10-20cp) 
Final examination in botany 
Scope: 10 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. 
Objective: TEAb, BSb and ECOb student will understand profoundly plant ecology’s or plant physiology’s essential methods, results and theories. 
Contents: Examination on selected literature of a specific subject. 
Working methods: Book exam in biology public exam day. 
Target group: TEAb, BSb and ECOb: compulsory. 
Study materials: A list of literature can be found on the notice board. The literature has to be agreed upon with the professor in advance. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or Prof. Hely Häggman. 
 
753104P Genetiikan perusteiden harjoitukset (6cp) 
Experimental course in general genetics 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B. Sc degree, 1 st spring. 
Objective: After passing the course students have elementary knowledge of basic phenomena of genetics, important working methods and laboratory organisms. Student has the basic ability to understand, apply and analyse simple genetical works and phenomena. 
Contents: To investigate Mendelian inheritance, gene mapping and additive? effects of genes using cross-breeding, basics of population genetics, to investigate regulation of promoter and recombination using microbial genetic methods, to investigate mitosis and meiosis using cytogenetical methods and studying basic methods of DNA techniques: isolating DNA, digesting DNA using restriction enzymes, PCR, electrophoresis and cloning. 
Working methods: 100 h exercises (demonstrations included), independent working, exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. Fits well also for others like for example biochemists. 
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge. Course is prerequisite to all the following genetics courses. 
Study materials: Course handout and web pages http://www.oulu.fi/genet/ 
Assessment methods: Report, final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: N.N. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
753124P Genetiikan perusteet (4-7cp) 
Concepts of genetics 
Scope: 4-7 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: To understand and remember the genetic basis of life and evolution, on Mendelian and molecular level . 
Contents: Part 1. Mendelian genetics, including the ideas of quantitative and population genetics. Part 2. Molecular genetics: replication, transcription, translation, genetic code, mutations, repair of DNA. Part 3. Selected topics on developmental genetics, genetics of health and threats: viruses and diseases. 
Working methods: Lectures, homework, the book. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students 7 cr. Biochemistry students: parts 1 and 3 4 cr. compulsory, biophysics students. Biochemistry students: compulsory parts 1 and 3 (4cr). 
Prerequisites: Course 750121P or equivalent knowledge. This course is prerequisite to all other genetics courses.  
Study materials: Alberts et al. (2008, fifth edition) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Web page (in Finnish) http://www.oulu.fi/genet/perusteet/ 
Assessment methods: Homeworks,  participation, exams. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
753193P Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja () 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Genetics studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.
 
753307A Ihmisgenetiikka (4cp) 
Human genetics 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. Odd years, autumn. 
Objective: To understand human evolution and man as a biological species. 
Contents: Human evolution in Africa, spread of different human species to other continents, research methods including population genetics and genomics, molecular human genetics: inherited diseases and susceptibilities, methods. 
Working methods: Lectures, home works. 
Target group: Students of genetics. Suitable also for biochemistry students and education students. 
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: http://www.oulu.fi/genet/human_genetics/Recommended reading: Jobling et al. (2004) Human evolutionary genetics. Origins, peoples & disease. Garland Publishing, ISBN 08153 41857
Assessment methods: Home exam, controlled exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Other information: Educational, voluntary. 
Language of instruction: Finnish or English. 
 
753314A Populaatiogenetiikan perusteet (8cp) 
Basics in population genetics 
 
753317A Genomiikka ja geeniekspressio-laboratorioharjoitukset (8cp) 
Genomics and gene expression practicals 
Scope: 8 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd or M.Sc. 1st  spring. 
Objective: After the course the student can study the structure of the chromosomes using traditional staining methods, localize genes in chromosomes with in-situ hybridization and study their expression with RT-PCR. 
Contents: Traditional chromosome staining methods, in-situ hybridization, RT-PCR. 
Working methods: 110 h demonstrations, exercises, seminars, 30 h independent  small-scale research work including research plan and work report, final exam. 
Target group: For BSg students. 
Prerequisites: Course 753104P. 
Assessment methods: Work report. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: N.N. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
753327A Molekyylievoluutio (4cp) 
Molecular evolution 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2nd autumn or M.Sc. 1st autumn. 
Objective: After the course the student knows some basic methods that are used to study the history of  living organisms and the evolutionary mechanisms. The student understands the basic evolutionary mechanisms affecting the genome structure and nucleotide content. The student knows the main concepts in the field and can read scientific articles in molecular evolution. 
Contents: Basic methods of estimation of nucleotide substitution rates, building of phylogenetic trees with distance based methods and  parsimony. Evolution of the genome structure and size. Scientific articles. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 12 h exercises, 40 h independent studies including home work. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students. 
Suitable for all biologists and biochemists. 
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Additional reading Graur, D. and Li, W.-H. 1999: Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer, Massachusetts. 
Assessment methods: Exam/home exam, homework. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
753351A Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examinations on optional topics 
Scope: 2-6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2nd - 3rd or M.Sc. 1st -2nd year. 
Contents: Examinations on books, which are not compulsory in any other course unit.   
Working methods: Book exam. 
Study materials: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person. 
Assessment methods: Book exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
753393A Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Genetics studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.
 
753394A Kvantitatiivinen ja jalostusgenetiikka (6cp) 
Quantitative genetics and plant and animal breeding 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd or M.Sc. Even years, autumn. 
Objective: To know the basic theory of quantitative genetics, statistical methods and experimental settings, both from the point of view of breeding and evolution. Also, to understand the mutual dependence of human kind and the domesticated plants and animals, global consequences, threats and opportunities. 
Contents: Basic theory, heritability and its estimates, selection, maintenance of variability in evolution, QTL mapping, association mapping, GMO. Also: domestication of plants, and animals, conscious and unconscious levels of breeding, associated diseases, present breeding methods, including genetic modification, global consequences. 
Working methods: Lectures, homeworks, mathematical and computer classes, seminar. 
Target group: Genetics students. 
Prerequisites: After courses Molecular evolution 753x27A/S and Population genetics 753x14A/S.  
Study materials: Web page (in Finnish) http://www.oulu.fi/genet/jalostus
Assessment methods: Home exam, controlled exam, homeworks, seminar. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen and Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Finnish or English. 
 
753607S Ihmisgenetiikka (4cp) 
Human genetics 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. Odd years, autumn.
Objective: To understand human evolution and man as a biological species.
Contents: Human evolution in Africa, spread of different human species to other continents, research methods including population genetics and genomics, molecular human genetics: inherited diseases and susceptibilities, methods.
Working methods: Lectures, home works.
Target group: Students of genetics. Suitable also for biochemistry students and education students.
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials:  http://www.oulu.fi/genet/human_genetics/
 Recommended reading: Jobling et al. (2004) Human evolutionary genetics. Origins, peoples & disease. Garland Publishing, ISBN 08153 41857
Assessment methods: Home exam, controlled exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Jaakko Lumme.
Other information: Educational, voluntary.
Language of instruction: Finnish or English.
 
753612S Evolutiivinen genetiikka ja genomiikan menetelmät (6cp) 
Methods in genomics and genomics evolution 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1st spring. 
Objective: Student knows focal features of genome structure, evolution and research methods. Purpose of the course is to give a conseption of common bases, approach and question phrasing in gene expression, gene function, genome structure and gene mapping. 
Contents: Genome structure, composition, comparative genomics, recombination and evolutionary factors affecting genome composition. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 24 h seminars, independent work 70 h, exam, reports. 
Target group: BSg. 
Assessment methods: Reports and exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen. 
 
753613S Vaihtuva-alainen erikoisseminaari (4cp) 
Special seminar in genetics 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year.
Contents: Subject varies and will be announced each year separately.
Working methods: 24 h lectures, literature, 40 h independent studies, final exam.
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge.
Responsible person: Professors and docents of genetics.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753614S Populaatiogenetiikan perusteet (8cp) 
Basics in populatiogenetics 
Scope: 8 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 2nd or M.Sc. 1st autumn and spring.
Objective: The students should know the basic theory and results of population genetics, and be able to apply these in analysis of data. They should also be able to use some basis experimental research methods.
Contents: Basic theory population genetics. Measuring variation, mutation, genetic drift, inbreeding, selection, genetics of speciation, basic molecular population genetics.
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 30 h mathematical exercises, 90 h exercises and seminar +  40 h of independent work; final exam.
Target group: Optional to BS in B.Sc. degree, compulsory to BSg in M.Sc. degree.
 Suitable for ecology students and molecular biology students.
Prerequisites: 753104P and 753327A or equivalent knowledge. Recommended for 753692S and 753x94A/S. This course is a prerequisite to courses 753622S, 753629S and 753616S.
Study materials: Hedrick 2005: Genetics of populations 3. ed (or older) Hartl 2000: A Primer of Population Genetics, Sinauer, Massachusetts.
Assessment methods: Seminar and final exams.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen and Dr. Minna Ruokonen.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753616S DNA:n populaatiogeneettinen analyysi (4cp) 
DNA Analysis in Population Genetics, lectures 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: Students will be familiar with advanced theory of population genetics of DNA sequence and markers, and with methods of analysis based on this theory. 
Contents: Basic coalescent theory, most important analysis methods, examining population structure. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, seminars and exercises, independent work 60 h, exam. 
Target group: BSg: compulsory. 
Prerequisites: Prerequisites: 753x14A/S, gives a theoretical basis for 753631S. 
Assessment methods: Exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Failed. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
753617S Genomiikka ja geeniekspressio -laboratorioharjoitukset (8cp) 
Genomics and gene expression practicals 
Scope: 8 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd spring or M.Sc. 1st  spring.
Objective: After the course the student can study the structure of the chromosomes using traditional staining methods, localize genes in chromosomes with in-situ hybridization and study their expression with RT-PCR.
Contents: Traditional chromosome staining methods, in-situ hybridization, RT-PCR.
Working methods: 110 h demonstrations, exercises, seminars, 30 h independent  small-scale research work including research plan and work report.
Target group: BSg.
Prerequisites: 753104P.
Assessment methods: Work report.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: N.N.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753622S Molekyylievoluution harjoitukset (4cp) 
Experimental course in molecular evolution 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1st spring. 
Objective: After the course the student is able to analyze DNA sequence differences between species in practice, applying knowledge obtained in earlier studies in bioinformatics and molecular evolution. The student knows how to get information from public sequence data bases, characterize sequences, estimate nucleotide substitutions, align sequences, build phylogenetic trees and estimate their confidence. The student is able to make a hypothesis relating to molecular evolution and test it using sequence data. 
Contents: Sequence data bases, methods and computer programs for handling and analysing sequences obtained from data bases.  Scientific literature. Work is done mainly in the computer classroom. 
Working methods: 48 h exercises including demonstrations and seminar, independent work including reports. 
Target group: Compulsory to BSg students. 
Prerequisites: 753629S and 753327A or equivalent knowledge. 
Assessment methods: Reports, independent work. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
753627S Molekyylievoluutio (4cp) 
Molecular evolution 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 2nd autumn or M.Sc. 1st autumn.
Objective: After the course the student knows some basic methods that are used to study the history of  living organisms and the evolutionary mechanisms. The student understands the basic evolutionary mechanisms affecting the genome structure and nucleotide content. The student knows the main concepts in the field and can read scientific articles in molecular evolution.
Contents: Basic methods of estimation of nucleotide substitution rates, building of phylogenetic trees with distance based methods and  parsimony. Evolution of the genome structure and size. Scientific articles.
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 12 h exercises,, 50 h independent studies including home work.
Target group: Optional for BS in B.Sc. degree, compulsory to BSg in M.Sc. degree.
 Suitable for all biologists and biochemists.
Prerequisites: 753124P or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials: Additional reading Graur, D. and Li, W.-H. 1999: Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer, Massachusetts.
Assessment methods: Exam/home exam, homework.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753629S Bioinformatiikka (4cp) 
Bioinformatics 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: The aim of the course is that students learn to handle independently sequence and genome data methods in genetic perspective. 
Contents: Bioinformatics methods in genome analyses, research methods for sequence evolution, new sequence data analysing methods. Course is connected with the course 753622S. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, 12 h seminars, 60 h independent studying, final exam or learning diary. 
Target group: BTg, preferably in same semester as course 753622S  
Prerequisites: 753327A and 750340A or equivalent knowledge. Prerequisite for course 753622S. 
Assessment methods: Final exam or learning diary. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / (English). 
 
753630S Genetiikan tutkijaseminaari (2cp) 
Genetics research seminar 
Scope: 2 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year, Ph.D. students.
Objective: After the course the student has a view of current research topics in genetics.
Contents: Consists of research presentations from researchers and students or discussion on fresh topics in genetics. On Thursdays at 12-13 according to a separate announcement.
Target group: Suitable for BSg and for BSg Ph.D. students.
Assessment methods: 10 participations with reports equals 2 credits.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen.
Language of instruction: Finnish/English.

753631S DNA:n populaatiogeneettinen analyysi, harjoitukset (6cp) 
DNA analysis in population genetics, exercises 
Scope: 6 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  spring.
Objective: After the course the student can analyze nuclear and mitochondrial sequence and marker variation with population genetic methods using computer programs. The student can describe the amount of variation and linkage disequilibrium and recognize features in the data that may be a result of reproductive system, selection, population size changes or population structure. The student can test the null hypotheses with relevant tests and coalescent simulations.
Contents: Methods and computer programs used for analyzing sequence and genotype data. Work is done mainly in the computer classroom.
Working methods: Exercise reports.  
Target group: BSg: compulsory.
Prerequisites: 753616S.
Assessment methods: Reports.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Helmi Kuittinen.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753651S Valinnaiset kuulustelut (2-6cp) 
Examinations on optional topics 
Scope: 2-6 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1st -2nd year.
Contents: Examinations on books, which are not compulsory in any other course unit.  
Working methods: Book exam in biology public exam day.
Study materials: Literature chosen in agreement with the responsible person.
Assessment methods: Book exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.

753692S Ekologisen ja ympäristönsuojelugenetiikan seminaari (4cp) 
Seminar in ecological and conservation genetics 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. studies, 1 st or 2 nd year, spring.
Objective: The student will lean to apply genetics and to understand the role of genetic factors in ecological and conservation issues.
Contents: Genetics of ecologically important traits, interaction between the species and between the environment and the species. Factors related to fitness, importance of genetic factors, especially in a changing environment. Genetic diversity as a part of biodiversity and how to preserve it. Genetics of threatened species.
Working methods: Reading literature on the topic, group discussions, independent working, and seminar presentation.
Target group: BSg, other biologists (BSz,b, ECOz,b, TEA) as well as others interested, Ph.D. students.
Prerequisites: Courses Concepts of genetics (753124P, 753104P), Molecular evolution (753x27A/S) and Basics in population genetics (753351A).
Study materials: Recent scientific articles. Additional reading: Conner, J.K., Hartl, D.L.: A Primer of Ecological Genetics, and Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., Briscoe, D.A.: Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press.
Assessment methods: Participation into the seminars, seminar presentation.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Minna Ruokonen.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

753693S Ulkomailla suoritettuja opintoja (1cp) 
Foreign studies 
Timing: B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Genetics studies (physiology, ecology) done under international exchange programs (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, Courses are either credit transferred or substituted.) in foreign universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.
 
753694S Kvantitatiivinen ja jalostusgenetiikka (6cp) 
Quantitative genetics and plant and animal breeding 
Scope: 6 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd or M.Sc. Even years, autumn. 
Objective: To know the basic theory of quantitative genetics, statistical methods and experimental settings, both from the point of view of breeding and evolution. Also, to understand the mutual dependence of human kind and the domesticated plants and animals, global consequences, threats and opportunities. 
Contents: Basic theory, heritability and its estimates, selection, maintenance of variability in evolution, QTL mapping, association mapping, GMO. Also: domestication of plants, and animals, conscious and unconscious levels of breeding, associated diseases, present breeding methods, including genetic modification, global consequences. 
Working methods: Lectures, homeworks, mathematical and computer classes, seminar. 
Target group: BTg. 
Prerequisites: Courses 753x27A/S and 753x14A/S  
Study materials: Web page (in Finnish) http://www.oulu.fi/genet/jalostus 
Assessment methods: Home exam, controlled exam, homeworks, seminar. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen and Prof. Jaakko Lumme. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
753699S Loppukuulustelu (10cp) 
Final examination in genetics 
Scope: 10 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. 
Objective: TEAg and BSg student will understand profoundly general and molecular genetics and essential methods, results and theories in other area of genetics. 
Contents: Examination on selected literature of a specific subject. A list of literature can be found on the notice board. The literature has to be agreed upon with the professor in advance. 
Working methods: Final exam. 
Target group: TEAg and BSg: compulsory. 
Assessment methods: Final exam in biology public exam day. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen. 
 
754308A Hydrobiologian perusteet (3cp) 
Basic course in hydrobiology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3rd spring, M.Sc. 1st spring. Even numbered years. 
Objective: Basic knowledge of inland water ecosystems structure, function and organisms.  Basic concepts of hydrobiology which are necessary for further hydrobiology studies. 
Contents: Hydrography and physical and chemical properties of lakes and streams. Structure and ecological interactions of aquatic ecosystems (bacters plant and animal plankton, water insects other invertebrates, fishes). Most important biological interactions (competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism), inland water food web structure and regulation. Biodiversity of inland waters. Human influence on inland water biodiversity and ecosystem functions. 
Working methods: 26 h lectures, final exam. 
Target group: Lectures are compulsory to the students taking the hydrobiology study package. 
Study materials: Course material and book Brönmark, C. & Hansson, L. 2005: The Biology of Lakes and Ponds. Oxford University Press, 285 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
754320A Virtavesiekologia (4cp) 
Stream ecology 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year, M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. Every 2 nd year. 
Objective: Basic principles of the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. 
Contents: Interspecific competition, predation and environmental disturbance as factors regulating aquatic communities. Prey choice mechanisms of aquatic predators and avoidance behaviour of prey species. Trophic interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Biomanipulation as a management tool in water protection. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, home essays. 
Prerequisites: Course 754308A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Handouts and Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. (2007). Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. Springer Verlagen. 
Assessment methods: Home essays. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
754612S Hydrobiologian loppukuulustelu (7cp) 
Final examination in hydrobiology 
Scope: 7 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year.
Contents: The examination is compulsory to the students taking the hydrobiology study package. Reading material selected in agreement with the teacher in charge.  
Assessment methods: Final exam in biology public exam day.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.
Language of instruction: English.

754613S Vesistöjen ekologisen tilan arviointi ja seuranta (4cp) 
Assessment and monitoring of the ecological status of water bodies 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  autumn. 
Objective: The aim of this course is to give basic knowledge on the methods of typology, ecological status assessment, classification and biomonitoring of rivers and lakes. 
Contents: Theoretical and practical methods for setting environmental objectives and quality standards  for surface waters will get acquainted. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, literature, learning assignment, final exam. 
Prerequisites: Courses 751307A and 754308A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Internet material, handouts. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
754616S Sisävesien biomonitoroinnin kenttämenetelmät (4cp) 
Field methods in freshwater biomonitoring 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1.-2. year. 
Objective: The course familiarises students with methods used in biomonitoring of lakes and rivers. 
Contents: Sampling methods as well as biological and ecotoxicological laboratory analysis are practiced. Survey methods used to describe the state of habitats are applied to lake and river environments. 
Working methods: 10 h lectures, 30 h field and laboratory exercises, group works. 
Prerequisites: Courses 751307A and 754308A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Internet material, sample taking standards and instructions. 
Assessment methods: Group work. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
754618S Kalaekologian tutkimusseminaari (2-4cp) 
Research seminar in fish ecology 
Scope: 2-4 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year.
Objective: The course aims to give students knowledge of fish ecology research done in University of Oulu and interest organizations. Lectures are given by university researchers, postgraduate students and guest lectures.
Contents: Different topics.
Working methods: 20 h lectures, 2-4 home essays from the lecture topics.
Prerequisites: Course 751307A or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials: Course material.
Assessment methods: Home essays.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.

754619S Kalaekologian erikoiskurssi (8cp) 
Special course in fish ecology
Scope: 8 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  or 2 nd  year.
Objective: Guide students in independent research work.
Contents: The course consists of four sections: 1. Field course where student gather in groups experimental and correlative field materials, 2. Statistical analysis of the data, 3. Making a research report, and 4. Final seminar where the results and conclusions are presented.
Working methods: 40-60 h field work, 4-6 h  supervised computer exercises, 80 h independent work (analysis, report making), 10-15 h final seminar.
Prerequisites: Courses 751307A and 754618S or equivalent knowledge.
Study materials: Course material.
Assessment methods: Report.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.
 
754620S Virtavesiekologia (4cp) 
Stream biology 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd year / M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. Every 2 nd year. 
Objective: Basic principles of the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. 
Contents: Interspecific competition, predation and environmental disturbance as factors regulating aquatic communities. Prey choice mechanisms of aquatic predators and avoidance behaviour of prey species. Trophic interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Biomanipulation as a management tool in water protection. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, home essays. 
Prerequisites: Course 754308A or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Handouts and Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. (2007). Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. Springer Verlagen. 
Assessment methods: Home essays. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
754621S Hydrobiologian erikoiskurssi (4cp) 
Specific topics on hydrobiology 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. 
Objective: Give student advanced skills in variable subjects in hydrobiology. 
Contents: Variable topics. Mainly species identification. 
Working methods: Laboratory exercise, sample taking, in the field about 20 h. 
Study materials: Specific for every course topic. 
Assessment methods: Course specific. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
755105P Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja eläintieteen opintoja () 
Studies in zoology in other Finnish universities 
Contents: Zoological studies done in other Finnish universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola or Prof. Markku Orell. 
 
755305A Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja eläintieteen opintoja () 
Studies in zoology in other finnish universities 
Contents: Zoological studies done in other Finnish universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola or Prof. Markku Orell. 
 
755310A Yhteisöekologia (3-4cp) 
Community ecology 
Scope: 3-4 cr.
Timing: B. Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring, odd years.
Objective: Students are introduced to essential concepts of modern community ecology. Course gives ability to understand ecological community research.
Contents: Effects of biotic (e.g. interspecific competition, predation) and abiotic (e.g. environmental disturbances) factors on the structure of communities, temporal and spatial variation of community structure and species richness at different scales, detection of human impacts on biotic communities, macroecological phenomena.
Working methods: 26 h lectures, computer demonstrations, seminar.
Target group: ECOa: compulsory 3 cr.
Study materials: Handouts and book Morin, P. J. (1999): Community Ecology. Blackwell, 424 p.
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka.
Language of instruction: Finnish.

755311A Termobiologia ja energetiikka (3cp) 
Thermal biology and energetics 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. Takes place  in turns with the course 751x57A/S. 
Objective: After completing the course the student 1) can explain the physical concept of temperature and the effect of temperature on biological reactions rates, 2) understands the mechanisms of heat transfer between the organism and the environment, 3) knows the physiological and behavioural mechanisms of animal temperature tolerance and temperature regulation, including their adaptations, 4) knows the basic concepts of energetics and can solve mathematical problems related to animal energetics. 
Contents: The physical concept of temperature, effects of temperature on reaction rates, heat transfer between the organism and the environment (conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation) and adaptations of heat transfer, biological temperature, temperature and its measurement in biology, temperature regulation, poikilothermy and homeothermy, endothermy and its evolution, thermal adaptation, basic concepts of energetics, energy flow in biology, energy expenditure and its measurement in animals, allometry of energy expenditure, special energetic adaptations (e.g. hibernation, torpor, winter sleep), energetics of flight and migration. Details see: http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/tb 
Working methods: 32 h lectures, 8 h guided familiarisation to literature and 4 h mathematical exercises, exam. 
Target group: Optional TEA, ECO, AO. 
Prerequisites: 751388A and 750124P are recommended but do not have to be completed. Basics of chemistry are needed. Can be completed as part of course the Winter Ecology and Physiology. 
Study materials: Given in the course, Supplementary reading Cossins, A.R. & Bowler, K. 1987: Temperature Biology of Animals, Chapman & Hall, London 339 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
 
755602S Eläintieteen Pro gradu -tutkielma (40cp) 
Master of science thesis in zoology 
Scope: 20-40 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year. 
Objective: Student knows the research methods in specific field of biology. She is conversant with her field of thesis and is able to scientific thinking, estimating the results, analysing, drawing conclusions and scientific communicating. 
Contents: Literary work which in general includes experimental research work. Student gets profoundly acquainted on certain special field in biology. 
Working methods: Independent research work on a scientific subject in agreement with the responsible professor and under the supervision of the Department. The supervisors may be professors of the department, docents and other teachers and researchers who have the docent’s status. The student may have several supervisors, the other supervisor may be from other department, university (also abroad) or from research institute.  The subject must be agreed on with the professor in advance. The research work can contain fieldwork, laboratory work, theoretical work or work on collections in museum. The work always includes a literature survey. After having completed the thesis, the student writes the Maturity Exam. The dean will order the final examiners by the proposal of the professor. Department council accepts and grades the thesis on the basis of the final examiners’ opinions. 
Target group: TEAz: compulsory 20 cr, ECOz and BSz: compulsory 40 cr. 
Assessment methods: Literary work. 
Grading: Approbatur - Laudatur / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
755605S Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja eläintieteen opintoja () 
Studies in Zoology in other Finnish Universities 
Contents: Zoological studies done in other Finnish universities. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola or Prof. Markku Orell. 
 
755607S Populaatioekologia (7cp) 
Population ecology 
Scope: 7 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st autumn.
Objective: Student learns central methodologies how to derive population vital parameters from various kind of long-term data to apply the information to population viability analysis. The focus is to link modeling methods to real data.
Contents: Introduction to the mechanisms and factors, which affect the structure, size and dynamics of a population. Topics include e.g. intraspecific relationships of species, predator-prey and parasite-host interactions, competition and the structure of environment and changes in it. Information of the relations between age distribution, birth rate, mortality rate and migration of the population are needed in viability analyses of a population. The aim of the course is to initiate into the methods by which the data of individuals is leaden to the parameters describing the condition and dynamics of the population.
Working methods: 36 h lectures, 33 h computer exercises, independent work, exam.
Target group: ECOz: compulsory.
Study materials: Supplementary reading Morris, W.F & Doak, D.F. Quantitative conservation biology. Theory and practice of population viability analysis. Akçakaya, H.R., Burgman, M.A. & Ginzburg, L.R. Applied population ecology. Principles and computer exercises using RAMAS ® EcoLab. Lande, R., Engen,S. & Sæther, B-E. Stochastic population dynamics in ecology and conservation.
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English

755608S Lintujen lisääntymiskäyttäytyminen (2cp) 
Avian reproductive biology 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. Every second year. 
Objective: Student gets current scientific research knowledge in animal reproductive ecology and behaviour. 
Contents: Introduction to sexual reproduction and parental care in animals. Birds are used as a taxonomic reference group, but the concepts and theories are discussed in the general evolutionary ecological framework. Topics: e.g. habitat selection, territoriality, mating systems and brood parasitism. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, exam. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell and Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
755609S Elinkiertojen evoluutio (2cp) 
Evolution of life histories 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  autumn. 
Objective: After completing the course the student knows the basic concepts of the classical life history theory, is familiar with major analytical tools and their applications. 
Contents: The course initiates into the processes of evolution of life histories. Important subject is the allocation of resources: weather the organism allocates on its surviving or on production of offspring. Demographic factors of populations are also handled as well as factors affecting individuals’ capacity. Evolutionary explanations for differing reproduction strategies in different environments are introduced. 
Working methods: 48 h lectures, exercises, final exam. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Responsible person: Prof. Markku Orell and Dr. Kari Koivula. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
755610S Yhteisöekologia (4cp) 
Community ecology 
Scope: 3-4 cr. 
Timing: B. Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring, odd years. 
Objective: Students are introduced to essential concepts of modern community ecology. Course gives ability to understand ecological community research. 
Contents: Effects of biotic (e.g. interspecific competition, predation) and abiotic (e.g. environmental disturbances) factors on the structure of communities, temporal and spatial variation of community structure and species richness at different scales, detection of human impacts on biotic communities, macroecological phenomena. 
Working methods: 26 h lectures, computer demonstrations, seminar. 
Target group: Optional to ECO in the B. Sc. degree and compulsory to ECOz in the M.Sc. degree. 
Study materials: Handouts and book Morin, P. J. (1999): Community Ecology. Blackwell, 424 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
755611S Termobiologia ja energetiikka (3cp) 
Thermal biology and energetics 
Scope: 3 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. Takes place  in turns with the course 751x57A/S. 
Objective: After completing the course the student 1) can explain the physical concept of temperature and the effect of temperature on biological reactions rates, 2) understands the mechanisms of heat transfer between the organism and the environment, 3) knows the physiological and behavioural mechanisms of animal temperature tolerance and temperature regulation, including their adaptations, 4) knows the basic concepts of energetics and can solve mathematical problems related to animal energetics. 
Contents: The physical concept of temperature, effects of temperature on reaction rates, heat transfer between the organism and the environment (conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation) and adaptations of heat transfer, biological temperature, temperature and its measurement in biology, temperature regulation, poikilothermy and homeothermy, endothermy and its evolution, thermal adaptation, basic concepts of energetics, energy flow in biology, energy expenditure and its measurement in animals, allometry of energy expenditure, special energetic adaptations (e.g. hibernation, torpor, winter sleep), energetics of flight and migration. Details see: http://cc.oulu.fi/~ehohtola/tb 
Working methods: 32 h lectures, 8 h guided familiarisation to literature and 4 h mathematical exercises, exam. 
Target group: BS, TEA, ECO: optional. 
Prerequisites: 751388A and 750124P are recommended but do not have to be completed. Basics of chemistry are needed. Can be completed as part of course the Winter Ecology and Physiology. 
Study materials: Given in the course, Supplementary reading Cossins, A.R. & Bowler, K. 1987: Temperature Biology of Animals, Chapman & Hall, London 339 p. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
 
755614J Kirjallisuuskatsaus jatko-opintojen tutkimusaiheesta (4cp) 
Introductory essay of Ph. D. research 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: Ph.D. 1 st semester.
Objective: Student learns about theories and recent progress of his/hers own research area.
Contents: Theories, methodology and progress of a specific research area.
Working methods: Independent work.
Target group: Ph.D. degree: compulsory.
Assessment methods: Ten pages long essay in English.
Grading: Pass / Fail.
Responsible person: Professors, supervisors.
Language of instruction: English.

755615S Molekyyliekologia (2-5cp) 
Molecular ecology 
Scope: 2-5 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: This course introduces the usage of molecular biology methods and genetic theories in ecology. The aim is that students know the basic laboratory methodology, can apply them into variety of ecological questions and is familiar with basics of population genetics and phylogenetics in order to be able to analyze and interpret genetic data. 
Contents: Initiation to structure and evolution of proteins and DNA, identification of species, sex and individuals, behavioural ecology (mating systems, cooperation, mating success). Basics of population genetics (variation, effective population size, bottlenecks, population structure, gene flow), relationships between molecular and adaptive variation, phylogenetic methods, phylogeography and conservation genetics. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, 4 h seminars, 21 h laboratory exercises, 27 h computer exercises. Final exam from lectures, seminar, participation to exercises. 
Target group: ECOz. 
Prerequisites: 753114P or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Beebee, T and Rowe G.2004. An introduction to molecular ecology. Oxford University Press. 
Assessment methods: Lecture exam and exercises essay. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Laura Kvist. 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
756105P Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja kasvitieteen opintoja () 
Studies in botany in other Finnish universities 
Contents: Botanical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or Prof. Hely Häggman.

756304A Kasvien ekofysiologia muuttuvassa ympäristössä (5-10cp) 
Plant ecophysiology in changing environments 
Scope: 5-10 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: After finishing the course student understands interactions between plant and environment, and has become acquainted to most important experimental methods in physiological plant ecology and student can apply research parameters. Student can apply the knowledge to plant production and environmental protection issues. 
Contents: The aim of the course is to initiate the students into the basics of plant ecophysiology in changing environments. The physical, chemical (abiotic) and biotic factors in the environment affects plant’s growth and survival. Plant ecophysiology is an experimental science, which studies the physiological functions and adjustments underlining the ecological observations from the viewpoint of growth and survival. Different environmental stresses restrict the plant growth. Plant ecophysiology is experimental science which studies the physiological functions and regulation mechanisms on growth, survival, abundance and distribution. Effects of abiotic and biotic factors are studied. How elevated temperature, CO 2, drought stress, nutrient imbalance, air pollutants, metals, UV radiation and plant pathogens affect on plants’ gas exchange, primary metabolism, carbon allocation and growth.  The exercises can also focus on the effects of environmental factors on photosynthesis, respiration, transport of photosynthetic products, water economy, energy economy and nutrient economy. Special features of ecophysiology of boreal plants are also dealt with. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures and demonstrations, 24 h exercises, final exam and report. 
Target group: ECOb, BSb, Ph.D. students. 
Prerequisites: Course is related both to plant ecology and plant physiology basic studies. 
Study materials: Hans Lambers, F.Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons 1998: Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer Verlag. 540 s.,M.N.V. Prasad (Ed.): Plant Ecophysiology John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 542 p., Hall. D.O. et al. 1993 (or newer) Photosynthesis and production in a changing environment. A field and laboratory manual. Chapman & Hall UNEP. 464 p. 
Assessment methods: Seminar and report. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756305A Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja kasvitieteen opintoja () 
Studies in botany in other Finnish universities 
Contents: Botanical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or Prof. Hely Häggman.

756311A Puutarhakasvien lajintuntemus (5cp) 
Identification of garden plant species 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 2 nd  summer. 
Objective: Capability to indentify approx. 400 garden and crop species. 
Contents: Independent study in the Botanical Gardens with the help of a handout. 
Working methods: Independent studying in the garden. 
Target group: ECOb, TEA, BTb. 
Study materials: Hiltunen, R. & Hyvärinen, M. 2009: Puutarhakasvien lajintuntemus. Biologian laitoksen monisteita, Yliopistopaino, Oulu. 
Assessment methods: Final exam in August or beginning of September in the Botanical Gardens, see notice board for details. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Marko Hyvärinen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756323A Kasvien populaatiobiologia (5cp) 
Population biology of plants 
Scope: 5 cr. 
Timing: BSc. 3 rd  autumn. 
Objective:
Contents: Demography and life history strategies of plants with emphasis on dynamics of structured plant populations in space and time. Moreover, ecological and evolutionary genetics of plants and interactions between plants and their environment are addressed. In exercises dynamics of populations is analysed with matrix models and simulation programs. 
Working methods: 32 h lectures, 18 h computer exercises, seminar, final exam. 
Target group: ECO: compulsory. 
Study materials: Silvertown & Charlesworth 2001: Introduction to Plant Population Biology (4 th edition), Blackwell Science . 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi. 
Language of instruction: Finnish. 
 
756332A Kasvien kehitysbiologia (4cp) 
Plant developmental biology 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd spring. 
Objective: The student has a comprehensive view on plant development and is aware of the recent methods used in the research of plant developmental biology. 
Contents: Modern methods in plant biology and especially the mutant or genetically modified plants have been in a key role to understand factors, mechanisms and regulation affecting plant development. The lectures include cell level information (cell division, growth and differentiation), embryo development, meristem formation and maintenance, organ development and cell death as a role of normal plant development.  Moreover, the role of environmental factors in plant development will be covered. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, home essay and final exam. 
Target group: Compulsory to the biology students.
Prerequisites: 755337A. 
Study materials: Lectures and supplementary material. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756338A Kasvisymbioosi (4cp) 
Plant symbiosis 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd spring or M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring. 
Objective: The student knows the concept of symbiosis, understands the extent of diversity of plant symbiotic interactions both at the community and molecular level. 
Contents: Practically every plant is living in symbiosis with other organisms. Lately new forms of symbiosis have been discovered, extending the diversity of plant interactions, and the significance of plant symbiosis in biotechnology and biocontrol has increased. Various forms of symbiosis, their importance for the plant and interaction at the molecular level are covered. 
Working methods: Lectures 20 h, 10 h laboratory work / demonstrations, exam. 
Target group: BS and ecophysiology students. 
Prerequisites: Studies in plant physiology. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Dr. Anna Maria Mattila. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756602S Kasvitieteen Pro gradu -tutkielma (40cp) 
Pro gradu thesis 
Scope: 20-40 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year. 
Objective: Student knows the research methods in specific field of biology. She is conversant with her field of thesis and is able to scientific thinking, estimating the results, analysing, drawing conclusions and scientific communicating. 
Contents: Literary work which in general includes experimental research work. Student gets profoundly acquainted on certain special field in biology. 
Working methods: Independent research work on a scientific subject in agreement with the responsible professor and under the supervision of the Department. The supervisors may be professors of the department, docents and other teachers and researchers who have the docent’s status. The student may have several supervisors, the other supervisor may be from other department, university (also abroad) or from research institute.  The subject must be agreed on with the professor in advance. The research work can contain fieldwork, laboratory work, theoretical work or work on collections in museum. The work always includes a literature survey. After having completed the thesis, the student writes the Maturity Exam. The dean will order the final examiners by the proposal of the professor. Department council accepts and grades the thesis on the basis of the final examiners’ opinions. 
Target group: TEAb: compulsory 20 cr, ECOb and BSb: compulsory 40 cr. 
Assessment methods: Literary work. 
Grading: Approbatur - Laudatur / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756604S Kasvien ekofysiologia muuttuvassa ympäristössä (5-10cp) 
Plant ecophysiology in changing environments 
Scope: 5-10 cr. 
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd or M.Sc. 1 st  spring. 
Objective: After finishing the course student understands interactions between plant and environment, and has become acquainted to most important experimental methods in physiological plant ecology and student can apply research parameters. Student can apply the knowledge to plant production and environmental protection issues. 
Contents: The aim of the course is to initiate the students into the basics of plant ecophysiology in changing environments. The physical, chemical (abiotic) and biotic factors in the environment affects plant’s growth and survival. Plant ecophysiology is an experimental science, which studies the physiological functions and adjustments underlining the ecological observations from the viewpoint of growth and survival. Different environmental stresses restrict the plant growth. Plant ecophysiology is experimental science which studies the physiological functions and regulation mechanisms on growth, survival, abundance and distribution. Effects of abiotic and biotic factors are studied. How elevated temperature, CO 2, drought stress, nutrient imbalance, air pollutants, metals, UV radiation and plant pathogens affect on plants’ gas exchange, primary metabolism, carbon allocation and growth.  The exercises can also focus on the effects of environmental factors on photosynthesis, respiration, transport of photosynthetic products, water economy, energy economy and nutrient economy. Special features of ecophysiology of boreal plants are also dealt with. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures and demonstrations, 24 h exercises, final exam and report. 
Target group: ECOb, BSb, Ph.D. students. 
Prerequisites: Course is related both to plant ecology and plant physiology basic studies. 
Study materials: Hans Lambers, F.Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons 1998: Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer Verlag. 540 s.,M.N.V. Prasad (Ed.): Plant Ecophysiology John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 542 p., Hall. D.O. et al. 1993 (or newer) Photosynthesis and production in a changing environment. A field and laboratory manual. Chapman & Hall UNEP. 464 p. 
Assessment methods: Seminar and report. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756605S Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja kasvitieteen opintoja () 
Studies in Botany in other Finnish Universities 
Contents: Botanical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen or Prof. Hely Häggman.

756607S Korjaava ekologia (2-6cp) 
Restoration ecology 
Scope: 2-6 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Objective: Lectures: the student understands the ecological principles of restoration and remembers the basics of restoration options in different ecosystems. Exercises and excursion: the student is able to evaluate the need for restoration and possibilities of an ecosystem to regenerate, and apply the restoration techniques in practical restoration planning. 
Contents: Land-use impacts and ecosystem malfunctions caused by humans, ecological principles of restoration, prevention and restoration of manmade damage in the ecosystems. Examples from restoration options and practical techniques in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and cultural landscapes. 
Working methods: 24 h lectures, exercises and an excursion. Total 45 h. 
Target group: ECO. 
Study materials: Andre Clewell, James Aronson 2008: Ecological Restoration, Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession, Island Press, 230 p. and articles in the Restoration Ecology journal. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anne Tolvanen. 
 
756612S Maaperäekologia (3-5cp) 
Soil ecology 
Scope: 3-5 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd year spring.
Objective: Student will learn common basics of soil organisms and their interactions.
Contents: Current soil ecological research and methods, planning and conducting experiments.
Working methods: Lectures, exercises, seminars, exam.
Study materials: Additional reading Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. 1997. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, San Diego and London. 605 p.; Van der Hejden, M.G.A. & Sanders, I.R. (eds) 2002. Mycorrhizal ecology. Springer, Berlin. 469 p.; Bardgett, R. D. 2005. The biology of soil: a community and ecosystem approach. Biology of Habitats series. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 256 p.
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola.
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

756615S Metsäpuiden fysiologia (4cp) 
Physiology of forest trees 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  spring. 
Objective: The student is familiar with the basic features of forest tree physiology and further is also able understand and evaluate the value of practical applications. 
Contents: Forest trees are long-living, often wind-pollinated, tall organisms. Juvenile phase may be long and their adult phase is characterized by both reproductive and vegetative growth which causes competition on both carbohydrates and nutrients. Trees are also characterized by the physiological properties cold- and drought resistance, water relations, carbon allocation and mineral nutrition. Partly due to forest tree’s economical importance biotechnological applications have been developed e.g. for production of health promoting substances or vegetative propagation. Forest trees are interesting from the point of molecular biology- what makes a tree tree? The course will cover these topics but the emphasis may vary during the years. 
Working methods: Lectures, literature, final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman and Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
 
756618S Kasvien sekundaarimetabolia (4cp) 
Secondary metabolism of plants 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring, odd years. 
Objective: The students will be made familiar with plant secondary metabolism, and the biosynthetic pathways involved. The possible role of secondary metabolites will be touched upon. 
Contents: General introduction to phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sterols, alcaloids; their synthesis and meaning for the plant. The economic importance and potential of plant secondary metabolites as fine chemicals and important traits of plants concerning quality and resistance will be discussed. The technological and economic feasibility of the large-scale culture of plant cells for the production of secondary metabolites are touched.  Introduction to isolation and processing of useful metabolites will be discussed. 
Working methods: Lectures and seminars, literature, final exam. 
Study materials: Literature agreed on lectures. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola . 
 
756619S Kasvien lisääntymisen evoluutioekologia (2-4cp) 
Plant reproductive biology 
Scope: 2-4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree. 
Objective:
Contents: The main theme is to apply to special questions in plant evolution ecology, especially the evolution if different  plant reproductive traits and ecological and genetic mechanisms that modify these traits. The course will cover topics such as plant sex allocation, pollination biology, inbreeding and avoidance of inbreeding depression, and the importance of frequency-dependent selection in the evolution of plant reproductive systems. 
Working methods: Lectures,  seminars and scientific articles. 
Target group: Suitable for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree. 
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
 
756621S Kasvien sopeutumat herbivoriaan (2cp) 
Plant adaptations to herbivory 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Objective:
Contents: Plants have different means to avoid or tolerate herbivory. The emphasis is on the importance and evolution of chemical defence mechanisms and on the theory of optimal defence. The course will also introduce how herbivory can affect the interactions between plant species and biodiversity of a plant community. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, 10 h seminar. 
Prerequisites: 752300A and 756623A or equivalent knowledge. Topic is closely related also with the courses 756618S and 752653S. 
Responsible person: Prof. Juha Tuomi. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
 
756622S Kasviyhteisöjen rakenne ja dynamiikka (5cp) 
Structure and dynamics of plant communities 
Scope: 5 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. degree.
Objective: The student knows the most important processes controlling the structure and dynamics of plant communities, and the major theories concerning those processes. The students can apply theories in the research of plant communities.
Contents: Models on structure of communities, in particular the neutral models, and assembly rules. The estimation of biological diversity. The relationship between species and their environment, and its consequences: the analysis of ecological communities and bioindication. The course follows the scientific development, and its contents will be adjusted for the current scientific literature, and the exact contents will vary among years.
Working methods: 24 h lectures, essay.
Study materials: Current article collection and course handout.
Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen.  
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available.

756625S Kasvien geneettinen transformaatio (4cp) 
Genetic transformation of plants 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd autumn, every second year. 
Objective: The student will learn the different techniques of genetic transformation and will understand their advantages and limitations and furthermore will be able to apply the techniques e.g. in her / his own study. The student is familiar with the concept of symbiosis with different interpretations and is able to analyse and evaluate both peer-reviewed as well as non-reviewed material concerning genetically modified plants published in different media. 
Contents: Genetically transformed plants and mutant plants play an essential role in modern plant biology. The lectures will cover gene constructs, marker-genes, different genetic transformation methods, legislation, commercial cultivations with genetically modified plants and their adoption rates.  The laboratory course will familiarize the students with the most common genetic transformation methods including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, electroporation, biolistic transformation and VIGS. 
Working methods: Lab course + demonstrations (35 h) and lectures (20 h), reports,  lecture exam and final conclusions. 
Target group: BS students. 
Prerequisites: 7526824S or equivalent knowledge. 
Study materials: Handout and supplementary reading. 
Assessment methods: Report and final exam. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756626S Kasvien stressifysiologia (4cp) 
Stress physiology of plants 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  spring, arranged every second year if resources allow. 
Objective: The student will understand how the stress will affect plant metabolism and how the plant is able to cope with it. 
Contents: The course will cover both abiotic and biotic stresses affecting plant metabolism at biochemical or molecular level. The signal transduction caused by the stresses will be followed as well as plant defence reactions. Plant pathogen biocontrol methods are introduced. 
Working methods: 20 h lectures, independent exercises or seminar and exam. 
Target group: Mainly for BS but also suitable for ECO. 
Prerequisites: Course 752653S completes this course.  
Study materials: Lecture handouts and literature given during the course. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman. 
Language of instruction: 

756627S Kasvihormonit (4cp) 
Plant hormones 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st  or 2 nd  spring, every second year. 
Objective: The student will be familiarized with the hormone action, understands hormone interactions and the significance of the hormone balance as well as the molecular mechanisms. 
Contents: Plant hormones are signalling molecules with profound effects on growth and development at trace quantities. Until quite recently plant development was considered to be regulated by auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid. New analytical and molecular methods have evidenced e.g. new plant hormone receptors and signalling pathways. A variety of new signalling molecules or hormone-like molecules such as brassinosteroids, oligisaccharins, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and peptide hormones. During the lectures the mode of action of these hormones and the latest literature is used to gain the most recent view of the topic. 
Working methods: 20 h and exam. 
Target group: Suitable for BSb and ecophysiologists. 
Prerequisites: 752345A 9 cr. 
Study materials: Chapters concerning plant physiology from Taiz &Zeiger: Plant physiology - Most recent edition. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola and prof. Hely Häggman. 
Language of instruction: 

756629S Kasvien solukkoviljelyn jatkokurssi (4cp) 
Advanced plant tissue culture 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st spring. 
Objective: Lectures deepens the knowledge and understanding of various tissue culture techniques. 
Contents: Lectures provide insight to tissue culture techniques and research work by expanding knowledge and understanding especially in applications which are potential in plant biotechnology. The course includes laboratory part, which familiarize students with basic techniques such as protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, bioreactors and, different culture methods. 
Working methods: Lectures, exercises. 
Prerequisites: 752388A. 
Study materials: Handouts. 
Responsible person: Prof. Anja Hohtola. 
Other information: The course will take place if sufficient resources are available. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756632J Kirjallisuuskatsaus jatko-opintojen tutkimusaiheesta (4cp) 
Introductory essay of Ph.D. research 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: Ph.D. 1 st semester. 
Objective: Student learns about theories and recent progress of his/hers own research area. 
Contents: Theories, methodology and progress of a specific research area. 
Working methods: Independent work. 
Target group: Ph.D. degree: compulsory. 
Assessment methods: Ten pages long essay in English. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors, supervisors 
Language of instruction: English. 
 
756633S Maaperäbiologia (2cp) 
Soil biology 
Scope: 2 cr. 
Timing: M.Sc. degree. 
Contents: Soil formation, physical properties and chemical properties.  Course main themes are glacier carried soil and formations, soil microclimate and water relations, nutrients, soil characters as plant distribution affecting factor, forest regeneration and tree line. Exercises include soil measuring methods. 
Working methods: 16-18 h lectures, 2-4 h exercises, final exam. 
Prerequisites: Recommended for the course 756612S. 
Study materials: Mälkönen, E., (2003) Metsämaa ja sen hoito. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Metsälehti. 
Assessment methods: Final exam. 
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.     
Responsible person: Dr. Marja-Liisa Sutinen. 
Language of instruction: Finnish / English. 
 
756638S Kasvisymbioosi (4cp) 
Plant symbiosis 
Scope: 4 cr.
Timing: B.Sc. 3 rd spring or M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd spring.
Objective: The student knows the concept of symbiosis, understands the extent of diversity of plant symbiotic interactions both at the community and molecular level.
Contents: Practically every plant is living in symbiosis with other organisms. Lately new forms of symbiosis have been discovered, extending the diversity of plant interactions, and the significance of plant symbiosis in biotechnology and biocontrol has increased. Various forms of symbiosis, their importance for the plant and interaction at the molecular level are covered.
Working methods: Lectures 20 h, 10 h laboratory work / demonstrations, exam.
Target group: BS and ecophysiology students.
Prerequisites: Studies in plant physiology.
Assessment methods: Final exam.
Grading: 1-5 / Fail.
Responsible person: Dr. Anna Maria Mattila.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

757105P Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja genetiikan opintoja () 
Studies in genetics in other Finnish universities 
Contents: Genetical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.

757305A Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja genetiikan opintoja () 
Studies in genetics in other Finnish universities 
Contents: Genetical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.

757602S Perinnöllisyystieteen Pro gradu -tutkielma (20-40cp) 
Pro gradu thesis 
Scope: 20-40 cr.
Timing: M.Sc. 1 st or 2 nd  year.
Objective: Student knows the research methods in specific field of biology. She is conversant with her field of thesis and is able to scientific thinking, estimating the results, analysing, drawing conclusions and scientific communicating.
Contents: Literary work which in general includes experimental research work. Student gets profoundly acquainted on certain special field in biology.
Working methods: Independent research work on a scientific subject in agreement with the responsible professor and under the supervision of the Department. The supervisors may be professors of the department, docents and other teachers and researchers who have the docent’s status. The student may have several supervisors, the other supervisor may be from other department, university (also abroad) or from research institute.  The subject must be agreed on with the professor in advance. The research work can contain fieldwork, laboratory work, theoretical work or work on collections in museum. The work always includes a literature survey. After having completed the thesis, the student writes the Maturity Exam. The dean will order the final examiners by the proposal of the professor. Department council accepts and grades the thesis on the basis of the final examiners’ opinions.
Target group: TEAg: compulsory 20 cr, BSg: compulsory 40 cr.
Assessment methods: Literary work.
Grading: Approbatur - Laudatur / Fail.
Responsible person: Professors.
Language of instruction: Finnish / English.

757605S Muissa kotimaisissa yliopistoissa suoritettuja genetiikan opintoja () 
Studies in Genetics in other Finnish Universities 
Contents: Genetical studies done in other Finnish universities.
Responsible person: Prof. Outi Savolainen.

757606J Kirjallisuuskatsaus jatko-opintojen tutkimusaiheesta (4cp) 
Introductory essay of Ph.D. research 
Scope: 4 cr. 
Timing: Ph.D. 1 st semester. 
Objective: Student learns about theories and recent progress of his/hers own research area. 
Contents: Theories, methodology and progress of a specific research area. 
Working methods: Independent work. 
Target group: Ph.D. degree: compulsory. 
Assessment methods: Ten pages long essay in English. 
Grading: Pass / Fail. 
Responsible person: Professors, supervisors. 
Language of instruction: English.